Nonprofit Law Prof Blog

Disclosure of Corporate Donations

The New York Times reported yesterday that the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") is considering proposing a rule that would require corporations to disclose their political spending. Over the past few months, the SEC has been flooded with calls for such disclosure in response to the large amount of corporate donations to tax-exempt groups that engaged in election-related activities during 2012.  Currently, neither the Federal Election Commission nor the IRS requires such groups to disclose their donors, with the result that public corporations tend to contribute to such groups in lieu of super PACs that are subject to disclosure rules. 

According to the Times, the proposal's supporters argue that "shareholders should be able to evaluate business executives' oversight of company resources and that SEC regulations already require disclosure of similar information, like executive compensation."  In contrast, opponents believe that such a regulation oversteps the SEC's authority and role, which, according to Rep. Scott Garrett, is "investor protection."  As the Times reports, the US Chamber of Commerce (which also opposes the proposal) "believes that funds expended by publicly traded companies for political and trade association engagement are immaterial to the company's bottom line." 

Views on the proposal follow party lines, with Democrats supporting it and Republicans opposing it. In fact, House Republicans have introduced legislation that would prevent the SEC from issuing such a rule.  Should the SEC move ahead, it seems a major battle looms. 

 

The Daily Show on the NCAA

Every spring, one of the liveliest discussions in my nonprofit law class concerns the tax status of the NCAA and college athletics.  (We cover the topic while discussing the UBIT).  After this year's discussion, a student sent me this clip of John Stewart taking on the NCAA.  Although the clip doesn't really address the NCAA's tax status, it does touch on relevant issues, such as commericialism and the treatment of student athletes.  I plan on adding it to my repertoire of in-class videa clips; there's nothing quite like John Stewart to pull students out of their post-lunch slump. 

Miranda Perry Fleischer

Social Enterprise Law Blog

A warm welcome to the Social Enterprise Law Blog! 

Law professors Cass Brewer (Georgia State), Deborah Burand (Michigan), Haskell Murray (Regent), Alicia Plerhoples (Georgetown), Dana Brakman Reiser (Brooklyn), and a handful of practicing attorneys have joined social enterprise lawyer Kyle Westaway (who is also Lecturer on Law at Harvard Law School) at his SocEntLaw blog.  The blog covers issues and events related to social entrepreneurship and social enterprise law.

Miranda Perry Fleischer

10,000 Fewer Nonprofits in 2012

Yesterday, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) released its Data Book for 2012.  According to the publication, there were 10,000 fewer registered tax-exempt organizations in 2012 than in 2011.  The Book revealed that there were 1,484,818 501(c) organizations for the fiscal year ending in September 2012, compared with 1,494,882 in 2011 – a decrease of 10,064, or about 0.68 percent.

The Book contained some interesting statistics:

• In 2012, the IRS approved 52,615 organizations for tax-exempt status, out of 60,793 applications – an approval rate of 86.5 percent.  The overwhelming majority of applications came from 501(c)3 organizations -- classified as religious and charitable -- which numbered more than 1.081 million last year.  By comparison, there were 909,574 501(c)3’s in the 2002 Data Book – a difference of 170,546, or 18.75 percent.

• The number of tax-exempt organizations and nonexempt charitable trusts dropped by more than 13,000 (or 0.8 percent), from 1,629,149 in 2011 to 1,616,053 in 2012.  Nonexempt charitable trusts were down by 3,000, or 2.26 percent, to just less than 131,000.

• The number of 501(c)3 organizations climbed by 0.163 percent, or 1,761, from 1,080,130 in 2011 to 1,081,891 in 2012.  Among the 17 subsections within section 501(c), only two others saw an increase in their aggregate totals from 2011 to 2012:

•  
  • 501c(1) Corporations organized under an act of Congress, up from 216 to 449 – up 107 percent;
  • 501(c)19, War veterans’ organizations, up from 33,654 to 33,737 – up less than 0.25 percent.

• Almost three-quarters, or 74 percent, of the 60,793 tax-exempt applications filed last year were for 501(c)3 organizations. There were 148 applications disapproved among 501(c), and of those 123 (or 0.237 percent) were 501(c)3 applications. About 8,000 applications classified as “other” include applications that were withdrawn by the organization, were incomplete, or did not provide the required information.

• Of the 51,748 applications for 501(c)3 organizations, about 87 percent, or 45,029, were approved.

• Applications for the largest subsections, with a least 1,000 applications, were approved at a rate of 80 percent or better last year, including:

•  
  • 88.9 percent, 501(c)6, Business leagues, 1,886 applications
  • 83.7 percent, 501(c)4, Social welfare organizations, 2,774 applications
  • 81.7 percent, 501(c)7, Social and recreation clubs, 1,402 applications

• The largest subsections within 501(c) – those with at least 50,000 registered organizations – all saw a decrease in their numbers:

•  
  • - 4.66 percent, 501(c)8, Fraternal beneficiary societies (50,763)
  • - 4.35 percent, 501(c)4, Social welfare organizations (93,142)
  • -2.99 percent, 501(c)5, Labor and agricultural organizations (50,046)
  • - 1.61 percent, 501(c)6, Business leagues (69,198)
  • -1.58 percent, 501(c)7, Social and recreation clubs (56,880)

Last year, the IRS reported a decrease of 18 percent in the number of tax-exempt organizations, and a decline of 7 percent in the number of applications. Those declines were a result of the IRS revoking tax-exempt status of an estimated 385,000 organizations after they failed to file tax returns for three consecutive years, beginning in 2007.

VEJ

 

IRS Advises Lawmakers that Payments Received by Members of Charitable Class from Charitable Organization May Be Excludible Gifts

Tax Notes Today reports that the Internal Revenue Service’s Office of Associate Chief Counsel (Branch 5), in letters addressed to Senator Mark Udall, Congressman Ed Perlmutter, and Senator Michael F. Bennet, has advised that payments received by individuals from a charitable fund “may constitute gifts that are excludible from the recipients' gross income.”  According to the letters, a tax-exempt charitable foundation had created a fund to “provide a vehicle for donors to assist the victims and their families.”  The letter does not disclose precisely what event rendered the payees victims, but I can speculate that they were victims of a natural disaster.  The fund arose from donations from the public.  Citing the “test” for a gift under Duberstein v. Commissioner, 363 U.S. 278 (1960) (i.e., whether a payment proceeds from "detached and disinterested generosity"), the IRS explained that payments from the fund had been made “in response to the victims' and their families' needs and not out of any moral or legal duty that the Foundation or any particular donor may have had.”  Under such circumstances, noted the IRS, the payments “will be excludible from the recipients' gross income as gifts.”

I am intrigued that the letters focus not simply on the intent of the charitable foundation, but also on that of donors to the foundation.  If the “gift” is deemed to have been made to the victims by the foundation – meaning that the foundation is not a mere conduit – why does the intent of individual donors to the foundation matter for purposes of determining the tax consequences of transfers to the individual victims from the foundation?  If the foundation is not a mere conduit, the foundation is the "donor" of funds transferred to the victims.  As such, only the foundation's intent should be scrutinized under Duberstein.

The letters are available at 2013 TNT 71-22.

JRB

President Obama’s (Yet Again) Proposed Cap on the Tax Benefit of the Charitable Contributions Deduction

As in previous years, the proposed budget issued by the Obama administration would limit the full value of itemized deductions, including the charitable contributions deduction, to the 28% income tax bracket.  For coverage, see articles in Forbes, The Chronicle of Higher Education, The NonProfit Times, and Accounting Today.  A press release by The Alliance for Charitable Reform (ACR) features the following poignant criticism of the proposal as applied to charitable contributions:

“Each year – and sometimes more than once – the President has proposed cutting the charitable deduction, despite resounding opposition from the American public and Congress,” said Sandra Swirski, executive director of ACR.  “This year, the cut is even deeper.  With the January 1st tax hike, the gap between tax rates and the charitable deduction rate is wider than ever and that will translate into less giving.  Not only is this harmful to giving, which will cost charities across the country billions of dollars, but it is a dangerous precedent for the federal government to set.”

On a more promising note for nonprofits, and in a story that places a more positive spin on the proposal as a whole, the Chronicle of Philanthropy observes that the proposed budget would also increase spending for nonprofit programs in education and health care.

JRB

Judge Rules to Free Unused Federal Building Space for Nonprofits Serving the Homeless

In Judge: Agencies have been ‘hiding’ federal properties that could be used to house services for homeless, the Washington Post reports that Judge Royce Lamberth of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia recently found that the federal government has been underreporting the number of unused federal properties potentially available to groups serving the homeless, in violation of a federal law. Says the Post,

The ruling orders the General Services Administration and the Department of Housing and Urban Development to take additional steps to ensure agencies are following the law, including creating new training programs. …

The law in question is Title V of the McKinney-Vento Act, which requires federal agencies to list unused, surplus or underutilized properties in the Federal Register, and reach out to homeless services providers — nonprofits and state and local governments — that can apply to lease the properties at no charge. Under the law, providers are to get a 60-day period where they get right of first refusal to those properties. This is important because one of the greatest costs to running homeless services is real estate, and the law is meant to allow nonprofits to gain access to buildings they may not be able to afford on the open market.

The story further explains that the litigation producing Judge Lamberth’s ruling began in 1988, when the National Law Center for Homelessness and Poverty and other nonprofits sued several federal agencies.  A 1993 permanent injunction ordered the government to implement the relevant law and preserved the plaintiffs’ right “to bring the issue before a court again for enforcement if agencies were not complying with the law.”

For an overview of the Title V program, see here.

JRB

Senate Judiciary Committee Member Seeks Greater Justice Department Oversight of 501(c)(4)s

Sheldon Whitehouse (D-R.I.), chair of the Senate Judiciary Committee’s Crime and Terrorism Subcommittee, apparently wants the Justice Department to defer less to the IRS when deciding whether to investigate political campaign-related activity of social welfare organizations exempt from federal income tax under section 501(c)(4) of the Internal Revenue Code, according to a story in Tax Notes Today.  Whitehouse’s comments were offered at yesterday’s subcommittee hearing, “Current Issues in Campaign Finance Law Enforcement.”  Whitehouse reportedly expressed doubt that the question of whether an organization has falsely claimed to have made no expenditures for political campaign activity is characterized by tax law complexity.  He also voiced concern that 501(c)(4)s are being used in a manner that obscures the identities of ultimate contributors of funds destined for political action committees.  

The electronic citation to the story is 2013 TNT 69-6.

JRB

Russia Brings Charges Against Election Monitoring Nonprofit

In Russia Takes Legal Action against Election Monitors, the New York Times reports that Russia’s Justice Ministry has charged Golos, “Russia’s only independent election monitoring organization,” and its executive director with violating Russia’s controversial law that requires a nonprofit group to register as a “foreign agent” if it receives financing from abroad.  The law is described by the Times as “among the most provocative in a passel of Kremlin-supported legislation in recent months that was aimed at tightening restrictions and limiting foreign influence on nonprofit groups.”  According to the story, Golos was formed in 2000 with American support to monitor and comment on elections in Russia and other countries, and it “had a prominent role in drawing attention to fraud, including blatant ballot-stuffing and other crude measures, in the Russian parliamentary elections of December 2011.”  A conviction reportedly would cost Golos fines in excess of $15,000, and its executive director a fine of approximately $10,000.  An official with Golos is quoted as stating that the nonprofit has received no grants “from the moment the law on agents went into effect.”

The story presents the investigation against the backdrop of recent raids by Russian authorities on “some of the most prominent international organizations working here, including Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch,” as well as on “two of Germany’s most respected political foundations.”  The Times notes that Chancellor Angela Merkel of Germany recently has publicly criticized Russia’s treatment of nonprofits.

JRB

Article on Citizens United and the Internal Revenue Code

John L. Buckley, a professor in the graduate tax program at Georgetown University Law Center, and Dallas Woodrum, a Georgetown law student serving as executive articles editor for The Georgetown Law Journal, have published an article in Tax Notes discussing the use of tax-exempt organizations for political purposes following Supreme Court decisions on campaign finance.  They propose legislative reforms, including (1) removing the benefit currently enjoyed by Code section 527 organizations of the income tax exclusion for dues and contributions from a single source that exceed a specified amount; (2) eliminating the exclusion for capital contributions (and consideration in exchange for issued stock) received by corporations when they have been utilized to expend such funds for political purposes without disclosing the ultimate source of funds; (3) deeming political contributions to result in dividend income to corporate insiders who authorize political contributions in the absence of ex ante disclosure to, and authorization by, shareholders; and (4) providing more objective standards for determining whether issue advertising constitutes political campaign activity.  The electronic citation to the article is 2013 TNT 68-5.

JRB

IRS Releases More Data on Information Returns

Here is some news that should interest scholars desiring to conduct empirical analysis of the charitable sector.  As reported by the Chronicle of Philanthropy, the IRS has begun to release data appearing on the information returns filed by charities in a format that will aid analysis.  The story states that, although not everything disclosed on Forms 990 and related forms appears in the new format, it does include “figures on sources of financial support, total assets and revenue, spending on overhead and programs, and compensation paid to a group’s top-paid officials.”   The measure has reportedly drawn praise from Tom Pollak, program director of the National Center for Charitable Statistics at the Urban Institute, which intends to post the data on its Web site soon.

JRB

Blanchard: Charitable Nonprofits' Use of Noncompetition Agreements

Lindsey D. Blanchard (University of St. Thomas (Minnesota)) has posted Charitable Nonprofits' Use of Nonpcompetition Agreements: Having the Best of Both Worlds.  Here is the abstract:

For years, individuals have been challenging the noncompetition agreements they entered into with their employers on the basis that the agreements violate public policy. However, in a competitive marketplace, courts and legislatures in many jurisdictions are reluctant to invalidate otherwise reasonable noncompetition agreements. Perhaps they are right, at least when it comes to the general class of nonprofits and to nonprofits that are protecting their interests against for-profit entities. As for charitable — or § 501(c)(3) — nonprofits that are attempting to protect their interests against other charitable nonprofits, however, the decision-making bodies should reconsider their position.

Unlike traditional for-profit entities, whose main goal is profit maximization, charitable nonprofits are organized and operated to benefit some greater good. As a result, charitable nonprofits receive donations from individuals and corporations, as well as tax breaks from the government, which are unavailable to for-profit entities. At the same time, charitable nonprofits use many of the same tools that for-profit firms utilize to maximize profits, including noncompetition agreements. Thus, charitable nonprofits are able to benefit from an anti-competition, profit-maximizing tool while also reaping the rewards of their tax-exempt status. In short, charitable nonprofits (wrongly) enjoy the best of both the for-profit and nonprofit worlds.

This article discusses the unique nature of the charitable nonprofit’s mission and the tax benefits conferred on charitable nonprofits by the federal and state governments. It then discusses noncompetition agreements and demonstrates that charitable nonprofits’ use of noncompetition agreements is contrary to their mission and tax-exempt status, as well as to the public interest. Finally, the article proposes an amendment to the federal tax code that would render unenforceable any language in a noncompetition agreement that prevents an individual from leaving the employment of one charitable nonprofit for employment at another.

LHM

Plerhoples: Representing Social Enterprise

Alicia Plerhoples (Georgetown) has posted Representing Social Enterprise, Teaching (Sustainable) Corporate Governance on SSRN.  Here is the abstract:

Careful consideration and selection of clients facilitate the pedagogical objectives of a clinical law program or other experiential learning course. This article explores the selection of social enterprises - i.e., nonprofit and for-profit organizations whose managers strategically and purposefully work to create social, environmental, and economic value or achieve a social good through the use of business techniques - as clients of two experiential learning courses at Georgetown University Law Center. Representation of social enterprises helps create a dynamic curriculum through which law students learn to merge legal theory and practice. Through service to social enterprises, law students learn about corporate governance and corporate legal theory as well as business models and mechanisms that support social and environmental value creation at a time when the corporate sector is increasingly concerned with sustainability issues; and engage in solving novel and unstructured problems, advocacy work, knowledge creation, and information facilitation to assist the developing social enterprise sector. Legal issues unique to social enterprises compel students to learn corporate governance and corporate practice methods in a manner not typically available to the non-experiential classroom.

LHM

NVSQ April 2013 Issue

The Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly has published its April 2013 issue.  Here is the table of contents:

• Femida Handy, Jeffrey L. Brudney, and Lucas C.P.M. Meijs, From the Editors’ Desk

Symposium: National Campaigns for Charitable Causes (Guest Editors Marco H. D. van Leeuwen and Pamala Wiepking)

• Marco H. D. van Leeuwen and Pamala Wiepking, National Campaigns for Charitable Causes: A Literature Review

• Christopher J. Einolf, Deborah M. Philbrick,and Kelly Slay, National Giving Campaigns in the United States: Entertainment, Empathy, and the National Peer Group
• Pamala Wiepking and Marco H.D. van Leeuwen, Picturing Generosity: Explaining the Success of National Campaigns in the Netherlands

• Johan Vamstad and Johan von Essen, Charitable Giving in a Universal Welfare State—Charity and Social Rights in Sweden

• Marta Rey-García, Luis Ignacio Álvarez-González, and Ricard Valls-Riera, The Evolution of National Fundraising Campaigns in Spain: Nonprofit Organizations Between the State and Emerging Civil Society

Articles

• George E. Mitchell, The Construct of Organizational Effectiveness: Perspectives From Leaders of International Nonprofits in the United States

• Shannon Gleeson and Irene Bloemraad, Assessing the Scope of Immigrant Organizations: Official Undercounts and Actual Underrepresentation

• Melissa Torgerson and Mark Evan Edwards, Demographic Determinants of Perceived Barriers to Community Involvement: Examining Rural/Urban Differences

Research Notes

• Grace L. Chikoto, Abdul-Akeem Sadiq, and Erin Fordyce, Disaster Mitigation and Preparedness: Comparison of Nonprofit, Public, and Private Organizations

Book Reviews

• Suzann Lupton, Book Review: Understanding the Roots of Voluntary Action: Historical Perspectives on Current Social Policy
• A. Joseph Borrell, Book Review: Shift & Reset: Strategies for Addressing Serious Issues in a Connected Society and The Future of Nonprofits: Innovate and Thrive in the Digital Age
• Putnam Barber, Book Review: The Neighborhood Project: Using Evolution to Improve My City, One Block at a Time
• Kirsten A. Gronbjerg, Book Review: Reinventing Civil Society: The Emerging Role of Faith-Based Organizations

LHM

IRS Issues Proposed Charity Hospital Community Health Needs Assessments Regs

The IRS released yesterday the proposed regulations under Internal Revenue Code section 501(r)(3) relating to community health needs assessments by charitable hospitals that are tax-exempt under section 501(c)(3).  Perhaps the most significant part of the proposed regulations is they provide guidance on the consequences for failing to meet one or more of the requirements of section 501(r), including but not limited to the assessments requirement.  The proposed regulations provide that omissions or errors that are minor, inadvertent, and due to reasonable cause will not be considered such a failure as long as the hospital facility at issue corrects the omission or error promptly after discovery.  The proposed regulations further provide that a failure will be excused if it was neither willful nor egregious and the hospital facility at issue both corrects and discloses the failure.  Failures that are not excused will result in the hospital facility at issue being subject to corporate income tax, but the entire hospital organization will only have its tax-exempt status revoked after consideration of all the relevant facts and circumstances relating to the failure(s) and any past failures.

The proposed regulations follow two earlier IRS notices regarding these assessments (Notice 2010-39 and Notice 2011-52), both of which generated numerous comments, and join previously issued proposed regulations under sections 501(r)(4), (5), and (6). 

LHM

IRS Questions Self-Declared Tax-Exempt Organizations

The IRS has announced that it is asking more than 1,000 organizations that self-declare they are tax-exempt under sections 501(c)(4), (5), or (6) to complete a questionnaire regarding their characteristics and activities.  Identified as a compliance check, the questionnaire asks for the reasons why the organization chose not to apply for tax-exempt status, when it began claiming tax-exempt status, and whether it sought outside professional advice regarding whether it qualified for exemption.  The questionnaire also asks detailed questions regarding the percentage of revenue, expenses, and time spent on various activities, as well as specifically asking for detailed information regarding the amount of money and time spent by both volunteers and paid staff on political campaign intervention.  Some questions appear redundant with the Form 990, such as questions relating to compensation, but many questions go into much greater detail than found on the Form 990. 

It is clear that the IRS is trying to get a handle on the most common types of self-declared tax-exempt organizations.  At the same time, the fact that it took this long for the IRS to even begin looking into such entities underlines the slow reaction speed that has been so frustrating for those who have called for the IRS to look into the political activities of tax-exempt organizations. Yet it is arguably unfair to expect the IRS, which is designed to audit situations well after the fact, to exhibit the level of responsiveness that politics demands (shameless self promotion - see my article regarding regulation of 527s for more on this point).

LHM

Hudson Institute: "The Charitable Deduction in American Political Thought"

The Hudson Institute's Bradley Center for Philanthropy and Civic Renewal presents in Washington, DC on Tuesday, April 16th a lunchtime discussion on the charitable contribution deduction.  Registration and further details available online.  Here is the agenda:

Program and Panel

11:30 a.m.
Registration, lunch buffet

12:00 p.m.
Introduction by Bradley Center Director William Schambra

12:10
Panel discussion
Stanley Katz, Professor of Public and International Affairs at Princeton University
Rob Reich, Associate Professor at Stanford University
Alex Reid, Counsel in Morgan Lewis’s Tax Practice

1:10
Question-and-answer session

1:30
Adjournment

LHM

NCAA student-athletes risk losing scholarship money

The NCAA is a § 501(c)(3) tax-exempt organization organized for the charitable purpose of fostering national amateur sports competition. Additionally, the NCAA asserts that it was founded “as a way to protect student-athletes.” The recent injury suffered by University of Louisville basketball player and NCAA student-athlete Kevin Ware, however, may alert people as to the NCAA’s potential shortcomings.

The NCAA does not require member institutions to provide guaranteed multi-year scholarships to student-athletes. While member institutions are free to do so on their own, many schools elect not to. This means that each year many NCAA student-athletes risk losing scholarship money. Further, if a student-athlete attending a school that has decided not to offer guaranteed a multi-year scholarship is injured, his/her athletic scholarship may be, and often is, revoked.

http://www.salon.com/2013/03/31/will_ware_be_stuck_with_the_bill/ 

dab 

Aprill: Reforming the Charitable Contribution Substantiation Rules

Following up on last week's post regarding documenting charitable contributions, I should note that Ellen Aprill (Loyola-LA) recently posted on SSRN Reforming the Charitable Contribution Substantiation Rules, forthcoming Florida Tax Review.  As well as discussing the substantiation rules, the articles explains that the federal government, in enacting the rule of contemporaneous acknowledgement, apparently feared that taxpayers were deducting amounts that were not in fact charitable contributions, such as scrip or school tuition.  The JCT therefore scored the contemporaneous acknowledgment provision as raising $469 million between 1994 and 1998.  Here is the abstract:

In May 2012, the Tax Court issued two decisions denying income tax deductions for gifts to charitable organizations because they failed to meet the requirements for a qualified appraisal. These cases lit a firestorm of outrage in various circles, raising questions of how strictly substation rules should be applied. This article begins by reviewing two reasons why the charitable contribution substantiation rules applicable to the income tax merit consideration. First, the charitable contribution deduction is important for both its size and its distribution, and the substantiation rules work to safeguard its integrity. Second, in the case of the charitable contribution, unlike many other income tax provisions, the Treasury and the Internal Revenue Service cannot look to third parties with self-interested incentives that help ensure compliance. The substantiation rules substitute for third party corroboration. Part II of the paper sets out, as briefly as possible, the complicated regime regarding the substantiation of charitable contributions, including the legislative history and applicable regulations. Part III examines applicable case law. Review of legislation, regulations, and case law suggests strongly that we make an effort to reform the current scheme, and Part IV presents a number of possible reforms. These suggestions include inflation adjustments, regulatory changes, and making greater use of technology, with the government working with providers of computer software and those involved in texting of charitable donation. Finding approaches that appropriately balance the need to control overvaluation with the need to encourage legitimate charitable contributions is a difficult but important challenge.

LHM

ESPN: "Athlete Charities Often Lack Standards"

ESPN reports that many of the 115 charities founded by high-profile athletes that it investigated had relatively few assets, engaged in little actual charitable work, lacked effective boards, or had relatively high administrative expenses.  For example, only about a third of such charities had assets of $500,000 or more.  Other charities appear to have gone inactive, sometimes without providing a clear accounting of the use of their remaining funds.  Some charities appear to have had at least questionable expenses, including spending that bordered on providing a personal benefit to the founding athletes or their family and friends.  The more common complaint, however, seems to be simply that even when launched with great fanfare most charities founded by athletes are mostly ignored by their founders and so fizzle.

Hat tip:  EO Tax Journal; Tax Prof Blog

LHM