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BEA logo and link to website BEA News: U.S. International Trade in Goods and Services, August 2019

The U.S. Census Bureau and the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis announced today that the goods and services deficit was $54.9 billion in August, up $0.9 billion from $54.0 billion in July, revised.

U.S. International Trade in Goods and Services Deficit

Deficit:	$54.9 Billion	+1.6%°
Exports:	$207.9 Billion	+0.2%°
Imports:	$262.8 Billion	+0.5%°
Next release: November 5, 2019 (°) Statistical significance is not applicable or not measurable. Data adjusted for seasonality but not price changes Source: U.S. Census Bureau, U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis; U.S. International Trade in Goods and Services, October 4, 2019

Exports, Imports, and Balance 

August exports were $207.9 billion, $0.5 billion more than July exports. August imports were $262.8 billion, $1.3 billion more than July imports.

The August increase in the goods and services deficit reflected an increase in the goods deficit of $0.8 billion to $74.4 billion and a decrease in the services surplus of less than $0.1 billion to $19.5 billion.

Year-to-date, the goods and services deficit increased $28.3 billion, or 7.1 percent, from the same period in 2018. Exports decreased $3.2 billion or 0.2 percent. Imports increased $25.1 billion or 1.2 percent.

Three-Month Moving Averages 

The average goods and services deficit decreased $0.3 billion to $54.8 billion for the three months ending in August.

• Average exports decreased $0.8 billion to $207.2 billion in August.
• Average imports decreased $1.1 billion to $262.0 billion in August.

Year-over-year, the average goods and services deficit increased $3.2 billion from the three months ending in August 2018.

• Average exports decreased $2.0 billion from August 2018.
• Average imports increased $1.2 billion from August 2018.

Exports of goods increased $0.4 billion to $138.6 billion in August.

   Exports of goods on a Census basis increased $0.4 billion.

• Industrial supplies and materials increased $1.5 billion.
  • Fuel oil increased $0.8 billion.
  • Nonmonetary gold increased $0.4 billion.
• Foods, feeds, and beverages increased $0.5 billion.
  • Soybeans increased $0.3 billion.
• Capital goods decreased $1.4 billion.
  • Civilian aircraft decreased $1.3 billion.

   Net balance of payments adjustments decreased $0.1 billion.

Exports of services increased $0.1 billion to $69.3 billion in August.

• Financial services increased $0.1 billion.
• Other business services increased $0.1 billion.
• Transport decreased $0.1 billion.

Imports of goods increased $1.2 billion to $213.0 billion in August.

   Imports of goods on a Census basis increased $1.1 billion.

• Consumer goods increased $1.9 billion.
  • Cell phones and other household goods increased $1.1 billion.
• Capital goods increased $1.9 billion.
  • Semiconductors increased $0.8 billion.
  • Other industrial machines increased $0.4 billion.
• Industrial supplies and materials decreased $1.5 billion.
  • Other petroleum products decreased $0.7 billion.
  • Crude oil decreased $0.5 billion.

   Net balance of payments adjustments increased $0.1 billion.

Imports of services increased $0.1 billion to $49.8 billion in August.

• Insurance services increased $0.1 billion.

Real Goods in 2012 Dollars – Census Basis (exhibit 11)

The real goods deficit increased $0.3 billion to $85.7 billion in August.

• Real exports of goods increased $1.6 billion to $150.4 billion.
• Real imports of goods increased $1.9 billion to $236.1 billion.

Goods by Selected Countries and Areas: Monthly – Census Basis (exhibit 19)

The August figures show surpluses, in billions of dollars, with South and Central America ($5.0), Hong Kong ($2.2), Brazil ($1.4), OPEC ($0.8), Singapore ($0.7), United Kingdom ($0.6), and Saudi Arabia ($0.3). Deficits were recorded, in billions of dollars, with China ($28.9), European Union ($15.6), Mexico ($8.4), Germany ($6.9), Japan ($6.1), Italy ($2.6), India ($2.4), Taiwan ($2.3), South Korea ($2.1), Canada ($1.6), and France ($1.5).

• The deficit with Germany increased $0.7 billion to $6.9 billion in August. Exports increased $0.2 billion to $4.9 billion and imports increased $0.8 billion to $11.8 billion.
• The deficit with South Korea increased $0.5 billion to $2.1 billion in August. Exports increased $0.1 billion to $4.8 billion and imports increased $0.7 billion to $6.9 billion.
• The deficit with Canada decreased $1.4 billion to $1.6 billion in August. Exports increased $0.6 billion to $24.8 billion and imports decreased $0.8 billion to $26.4 billion.

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Next release: November 5, 2019, at 8:30 A.M. EST

Gross Domestic Product, Second Quarter 2019; Corporate Profits, Second Quarter 2019

Real gross domestic product (GDP) increased at an annual rate of 2.0 percent in the second quarter of 2019 (table 1), according to the "third" estimate released by the Bureau of Economic Analysis. In the first quarter, real GDP increased 3.1 percent.

The GDP estimate released today is based on more complete source data than were available for the "second" estimate issued last month. In the second estimate, the increase in real GDP was also 2.0 percent. Downward revisions to personal consumption expenditures (PCE) and nonresidential fixed investment were primarily offset by upward revisions to state and local government spending and exports. Imports, which are a subtraction in the calculation of GDP, were revised down (see "Updates to GDP" on page 2).

The increase in real GDP in the second quarter reflected positive contributions from PCE, federal government spending, and state and local government spending that were partly offset by negative contributions from private inventory investment, exports, nonresidential fixed investment, and residential fixed investment (table 2).

The deceleration in real GDP in the second quarter primarily reflected downturns in inventory investment, exports, and nonresidential fixed investment. These downturns were partly offset by accelerations in PCE and federal government spending.

Real gross domestic income (GDI) increased 1.8 percent in the second quarter, compared with an increase of 3.2 percent in the first quarter. The average of real GDP and real GDI, a supplemental measure of U.S. economic activity that equally weights GDP and GDI, increased 1.9 percent in the second quarter, compared with an increase of 3.2 percent in the first quarter (table 1).

Current-dollar GDP increased 4.7 percent, or $241.5 billion, in the second quarter to a level of $21.34 trillion. In the first quarter, current-dollar GDP increased 3.9 percent, or $201.0 billion (tables 1 and 3).

The price index for gross domestic purchases increased 2.2 percent in the second quarter, compared with an increase of 0.8 percent in the first quarter (table 4). The PCE price index increased 2.4 percent, compared with an increase of 0.4 percent. Excluding food and energy prices, the PCE price index increased 1.9 percent, compared with an increase of 1.1 percent.

Updates to GDP

The second-quarter percent change in real GDP was the same as previously estimated. Downward revisions to PCE and nonresidential fixed investment were primarily offset by upward revisions to state and local government spending and exports, and a downward revision to imports. For more information, see the Technical Note. A detailed "Key Source Data and Assumptions" file is also posted for each release. For information on updates to GDP, see the "Additional Information" section that follows.

	Advance Estimate	Second Estimate	Third Estimate
	(Percent change from preceding quarter)
Real GDP	2.1	2.0	2.0
Current-dollar GDP	4.6	4.6	4.7
Real GDI	…	2.1	1.8
Average of Real GDP and Real GDI	…	2.1	1.9
Gross domestic purchases price index	2.2	2.2	2.2
PCE price index	2.3	2.3	2.4

Corporate Profits

Profits from current production (corporate profits with inventory valuation and capital consumption adjustments) increased $75.8 billion in the second quarter, in contrast to a decrease of $78.7 billion in the first quarter (table 10).

Profits of domestic financial corporations increased $2.5 billion in the second quarter, compared with an increase of $22.2 billion in the first quarter. Profits of domestic nonfinancial corporations increased $34.7 billion, in contrast to a decrease of $108.2 billion. Rest-of-the-world profits increased $38.7 billion, compared with an increase of $7.3 billion. In the second quarter, receipts increased $25.3 billion, and payments decreased $13.4 billion.

U.S. International Trade in Goods and Services, July 2019

The U.S. Census Bureau and the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis announced today that the goods and services deficit was $54.0 billion in July, down $1.5 billion from $55.5 billion in June, revised.

U.S. International Trade in Goods and Services Deficit

Deficit:	$54.0 Billion	-2.7%°
Exports:	$207.4 Billion	+0.6%°
Imports:	$261.4 Billion	-0.1%°
Next release: October 4, 2019 (°) Statistical significance is not applicable or not measurable. Data adjusted for seasonality but not price changes Source: U.S. Census Bureau, U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis; U.S. International Trade in Goods and Services, September 4, 2019

Exports, Imports, and Balance (exhibit 1)

July exports were $207.4 billion, $1.2 billion more than June exports. July imports were $261.4 billion, $0.4 billion less than June imports.

The July decrease in the goods and services deficit reflected a decrease in the goods deficit of $1.6 billion to $73.7 billion and a decrease in the services surplus of $0.1 billion to $19.7 billion.

Year-to-date, the goods and services deficit increased $28.2 billion, or 8.2 percent, from the same period in 2018. Exports decreased $3.4 billion or 0.2 percent. Imports increased $24.9 billion or 1.4 percent.

Three-Month Moving Averages (exhibit 2)

The average goods and services deficit increased $0.7 billion to $55.1 billion for the three months ending in July.

• Average exports increased $0.5 billion to $208.0 billion in July.
• Average imports increased $1.2 billion to $263.1 billion in July.

Year-over-year, the average goods and services deficit increased $7.0 billion from the three months ending in July 2018.

• Average exports decreased $3.0 billion from July 2018.
• Average imports increased $4.0 billion from July 2018.

Exports (exhibits 3, 6, and 7)

Exports of goods increased $1.2 billion to $138.2 billion in July.

   Exports of goods on a Census basis increased $1.2 billion.

• Consumer goods increased $1.5 billion.
  • Pharmaceutical preparations increased $1.2 billion.
• Capital goods increased $0.8 billion.
• Automotive vehicles, parts, and engines increased $0.6 billion.
• Industrial supplies and materials decreased $1.7 billion.
  • Crude oil decreased $0.5 billion.
  • Metallurgical grade coal decreased $0.2 billion.
  • Fuel oil decreased $0.2 billion.
  • Other petroleum products decreased $0.2 billion.

   Net balance of payments adjustments increased $0.1 billion.

Exports of services decreased $0.1 billion to $69.2 billion in July.

• Transport decreased $0.1 billion.
• Charges for the use of intellectual property decreased $0.1 billion.
• Other business services, which includes research and development services; professional and management services; and technical, trade-related, and other services, increased $0.1 billion.

Imports (exhibits 4, 6, and 8)

Imports of goods decreased $0.4 billion to $211.8 billion in July.

   Imports of goods on a Census basis decreased $0.6 billion.

• Capital goods decreased $1.5 billion.
  • Computers decreased $1.4 billion.
• Industrial supplies and materials increased $0.9 billion.
  • Other petroleum products increased $1.0 billion.

   Net balance of payments adjustments increased $0.1 billion.

Imports of services increased $0.1 billion to $49.6 billion in July.

• Insurance services increased $0.1 billion.
• Other business services increased $0.1 billion.
• Transport decreased $0.1 billion.

Real Goods in 2012 Dollars – Census Basis (exhibit 11)

The real goods deficit decreased $0.7 billion to $85.5 billion in July.

• Real exports of goods increased $0.6 billion to $148.7 billion.
• Real imports of goods decreased $0.1 billion to $234.2 billion

Activities of U.S. Multinational Enterprises, 2017

Worldwide employment by U.S. multinational enterprises (MNEs) increased 0.4 percent to 42.5 million workers in 2017 from 42.3 million in 2016, according to statistics released by the Bureau of Economic Analysis on the operations and finances of U.S. parent companies and their foreign affiliates.

Employment in the United States by U.S. parents increased 0.2 percent to 28.1 million workers in 2017. U.S. parents accounted for 66.1 percent of worldwide employment by U.S. MNEs, down from 66.3 percent in 2016. Employment abroad by majority-owned foreign affiliates (MOFAs) of U.S. MNEs increased 0.9 percent to 14.4 million workers and accounted for 33.9 percent of employment by U.S. MNEs worldwide.

U.S. parents accounted for 22.0 percent of total private industry employment in the United States. Employment by U.S. parents was largest in manufacturing and retail trade. Employment abroad by MOFAs was largest in China, United Kingdom, Mexico, India, and Canada.

Worldwide current-dollar value added of U.S. MNEs increased 2.0 percent to $5.3 trillion. Value added by U.S. parents, a measure of their direct contribution to U.S. gross domestic product, was nearly unchanged at $3.9 trillion, representing 22.9 percent of total U.S. private-industry value added. MOFA value added increased to $1.4 trillion. Value added by MOFAs was largest in the United Kingdom, Canada, and Ireland.

Worldwide expenditures for property, plant, and equipment of U.S. MNEs increased 2.0 percent to $853.2 billion. Expenditures by U.S. parents accounted for $653.6 billion and MOFA expenditures for $199.6 billion.

Worldwide research and development expenditures of U.S. MNEs increased 3.3 percent to $354.9 billion. U.S. parents accounted for expenditures of $298.3 billion and MOFAs for $56.6 billion.

BEA News: GDP, 2nd quarter 2019 (second estimate); Corporate Profits, 2nd quarter 2019

Real gross domestic product (GDP) increased at an annual rate of 2.0 percent in the second quarter of 2019 (table 1), according to the "second" estimate released by the Bureau of Economic Analysis. In the first quarter, real GDP increased 3.1 percent.

The GDP estimate released today is based on more complete source data than were available for the "advance" estimate issued last month. In the advance estimate, the increase in real GDP was 2.1 percent. The revision primarily reflected downward revisions to state and local government spending, exports, private inventory investment, and residential investment that were partly offset by an upward revision to personal consumption expenditures (PCE). Imports which are a subtraction in the calculation of GDP, were unrevised (see "Updates to GDP" on page 2).

The increase in real GDP in the second quarter reflected positive contributions from PCE, federal government spending, and state and local government spending that were partly offset by negative contributions from private inventory investment, exports, residential fixed investment, and nonresidential fixed investment. Imports increased (table 2).

The deceleration in real GDP in the second quarter primarily reflected downturns in inventory investment, exports, and nonresidential fixed investment. These downturns were partly offset by accelerations in PCE and federal government spending.

Real gross domestic income (GDI) increased 2.1 percent in the second quarter, compared with an increase of 3.2 percent in the first quarter. The average of real GDP and real GDI, a supplemental measure of U.S. economic activity that equally weights GDP and GDI, increased 2.1 percent in the second quarter, compared with an increase of 3.2 percent in the first quarter (table 1).

Current dollar GDP increased 4.6 percent, or $240.3 billion, in the second quarter to a level of $21.34 trillion. In the first quarter, current-dollar GDP increased 3.9 percent, or $201.0 billion (tables 1 and 3).

The price index for gross domestic purchases increased 2.2 percent in the second quarter, compared with an increase of 0.8 percent in the first quarter (table 4). The PCE price indexincreased 2.3 percent, compared with an increase of 0.4 percent. Excluding food and energy prices, the PCE price index increased 1.7 percent, compared with an increase of 1.1 percent.

Updates to GDP

The percent change in real GDP in the second quarter was revised down 0.1 percentage point from the advance estimate, primarily reflecting downward revisions to state and local government spending, exports, private inventory investment, and residential investment that were partly offset by an upward revision to PCE. For more information, see the Technical Note. A detailed "Key Source Data and Assumptions" file is also posted for each release. For information on updates to GDP, see the "Additional Information" section that follows.

	Advance Estimate	Second Estimate
	(Percent change from preceding quarter)
Real GDP	2.1	2.0
Current-dollar GDP	4.6	4.6
Real GDI	…	2.1
Average of Real GDP and Real GDI	…	2.1
Gross domestic purchases price index	2.2	2.2
PCE price index	2.3	2.3

For the first quarter of 2019, revised tabulations from the BLS Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages program were incorporated into the estimates; the percent change in real GDI was unrevised at 3.2 percent.

Corporate Profits (table 10)

Profits from current production (corporate profits with inventory valuation and capital consumption adjustments) increased $105.8 billion in the second quarter, in contrast to a decrease of $78.7 billion in the first quarter (table 10).

Profits of domestic financial corporations increased $4.0 billion in the second quarter, compared with an increase of $22.2 billion in the first quarter. Profits of domestic nonfinancial corporations increased $43.5 billion, in contrast to a decrease of $108.2 billion. Rest-of-the-world profits increased $58.3 billion, compared with an increase of $7.3 billion. In the second quarter, receipts increased $39.9 billion, and payments decreased $18.5 billion.

U.S. International Trade in Goods and Services, June 2019

The U.S. Census Bureau and the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis announced today that the goods and services deficit was $55.2 billion in June, down $0.2 billion from $55.3 billion in May, revised.

U.S. International Trade in Goods and Services Deficit

Deficit:	$55.2 Billion	-0.3%°
Exports:	$206.3 Billion	-2.1%°
Imports:	$261.5 Billion	-1.7%°
Next release: September 4, 2019 (°) Statistical significance is not applicable or not measurable. Data adjusted for seasonality but not price changes Source: U.S. Census Bureau, U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis; U.S. International Trade in Goods and Services, August 2, 2019

Exports, Imports, and Balance (exhibit 1)

June exports were $206.3 billion, $4.4 billion less than May exports. June imports were $261.5 billion, $4.6 billion less than May imports.

The June decrease in the goods and services deficit reflected a decrease in the goods deficit of $0.8 billion to $75.1 billion and a decrease in the services surplus of $0.6 billion to $20.0 billion.

Year-to-date, the goods and services deficit increased $23.2 billion, or 7.9 percent, from the same period in 2018. Exports increased $0.5 billion or less than 0.1 percent. Imports increased $23.8 billion or 1.5 percent.

Three-Month Moving Averages (exhibit 2)

The average goods and services deficit increased $1.1 billion to $53.9 billion for the three months ending in June.

• Average exports decreased $1.7 billion to $207.8 billion in June.
• Average imports decreased $0.6 billion to $261.7 billion in June.

Year-over-year, the average goods and services deficit increased $7.2 billion from the three months ending in June 2018.

• Average exports decreased $3.3 billion from June 2018.
• Average imports increased $4.0 billion from June 2018.

Exports (exhibits 3, 6, and 7)

Exports of goods decreased $3.9 billion to $137.1 billion in June.

   Exports of goods on a Census basis decreased $3.8 billion.

• Consumer goods decreased $1.9 billion.
  • Gem diamonds decreased $0.8 billion.
  • Pharmaceutical preparations decreased $0.5 billion.
  • Jewelry decreased $0.4 billion.
• Capital goods decreased $1.2 billion.
  • Computer accessories decreased $0.4 billion.
  • Other industrial machinery decreased $0.2 billion.
  • Telecommunications equipment decreased $0.2 billion.
• Automotive vehicles, parts, and engines decreased $0.5 billion.

   Net balance of payments adjustments decreased $0.1 billion.

Exports of services decreased $0.5 billion to $69.2 billion in June.

• Travel (for all purposes including education) decreased $0.4 billion.
• Transport decreased $0.1 billion.

Imports (exhibits 4, 6, and 8)

Imports of goods decreased $4.7 billion to $212.3 billion in June.

   Imports of goods on a Census basis decreased $4.4 billion.

• Industrial supplies and materials decreased $3.2 billion.
  • Crude oil decreased $1.4 billion.
  • Other petroleum products decreased $1.0 billion.
  • Fuel oil decreased $0.3 billion.
• Consumer goods decreased $0.9 billion.
  • Cell phones and other household goods decreased $1.4 billion.
  • Pharmaceutical preparations increased $0.6 billion.

   Net balance of payments adjustments decreased $0.2 billion.

Imports of services increased $0.1 billion to $49.2 billion in June, reflecting small (less than $50 million) changes in all major service categories.

Real Goods in 2012 Dollars – Census Basis (exhibit 11)

The real goods deficit decreased $0.3 billion to $86.1 billion in June.

• Real exports of goods decreased $2.8 billion to $148.1 billion.
• Real imports of goods decreased $3.1 billion to $234.2 billion.

Revisions

Revisions to May exports

• Exports of goods were revised up $0.2 billion.
• Exports of services were revised down $0.1 billion.

Revisions to May imports

• Imports of goods were revised down less than $0.1 billion.
• Imports of services were revised down $0.1 billion.

Goods by Selected Countries and Areas: Monthly – Census Basis (exhibit 19)

The June figures show surpluses, in billions of dollars, with South and Central America ($4.8), Hong Kong ($2.3), Brazil ($1.3), and United Kingdom ($0.1). Deficits were recorded, in billions of dollars, with China ($30.2), European Union ($15.9), Mexico ($9.2), Japan ($6.2), Germany ($5.2), Canada ($3.3), Italy ($2.6), France ($1.9), Taiwan ($1.7), India ($1.6), South Korea ($1.4), OPEC ($0.3), Saudi Arabia ($0.3), and Singapore ($0.1).

• The deficit with the European Union decreased $1.0 billion to $15.9 billion in June. Exports decreased $0.5 billion to $26.7 billion and imports decreased $1.5 billion to $42.7 billion.
• The surplus with Brazil increased $0.8 billion to $1.3 billion in June. Exports increased $0.3 billion to $3.9 billion and imports decreased $0.5 billion to $2.6 billion.
• The balance with Singapore shifted from a surplus of $0.6 billion to a deficit of $0.1 billion in June. Exports decreased $0.2 billion to $2.5 billion and imports increased $0.4 billion to $2.6 billion.

Next release: September 4, 2019: U.S. International Trade in Goods and Services, July 2019

BEA News: Gross Domestic Product, Second Quarter 2019 (Advance Estimate) and Annual Update

Real gross domestic product (GDP) increased at an annual rate of 2.1 percent in the second quarter of 2019 (table 1), according to the "advance" estimate released by the Bureau of Economic Analysis. In the first quarter, real GDP increased 3.1 percent.

The Bureau's second-quarter advance estimate released today is based on source data that are incomplete or subject to further revision by the source agency (see "Source Data for the Advance Estimate" on page 2). The "second" estimate for the second quarter, based on more complete data, will be released on August 29, 2019.

The increase in real GDP in the second quarter reflected positive contributions from personal consumption expenditures (PCE), federal government spending, and state and local government spending that were partly offset by negative contributions from private inventory investment, exports, nonresidential fixed investment and residential fixed investment. Imports, which are a subtraction in the calculation of GDP, increased (table 2).

The deceleration in real GDP in the second quarter reflected downturns in inventory investment, exports, and nonresidential fixed investment. These downturns were partly offset by accelerations in PCE and federal government spending.

Current-dollar GDP increased 4.6 percent, or $239.1 billion, in the second quarter to a level of $21.34 trillion. In the first quarter, current-dollar GDP increased 3.9 percent, or $201.0 billion (table 1 and table 3).

The price index for gross domestic purchases increased 2.2 percent in the second quarter, compared with an increase of 0.8 percent in the first quarter (table 4). The PCE price index increased 2.3 percent, compared with an increase of 0.4 percent. Excluding food and energy prices, the PCE price index increased 1.8 percent, compared with an increase of 1.1 percent.

Personal Income (table 8)

Current-dollar personal income increased $244.2 billion in the second quarter, compared with an increase of $269.8 billion in the first quarter. Decelerations in compensation and in personal current transfer receipts were partly offset by an upturn in personal income receipts on assets and a deceleration in contributions for government social insurance (a subtraction in the calculation of personal income).

Disposable personal income increased $193.4 billion, or 4.9 percent, in the second quarter, compared with an increase of $190.6 billion, or 4.8 percent, in the first quarter. Real disposable personal income increased 2.5 percent, compared with an increase of 4.4 percent.

Personal saving was $1.32 trillion in the second quarter, compared with $1.37 trillion in the first quarter. The personal saving rate -- personal saving as a percentage of disposable personal income -- was 8.1 percent in the second quarter, compared with 8.5 percent in the first quarter.

Source Data for the Advance Estimate

Information on the source data and key assumptions used for unavailable source data in the advance estimate is provided in a Technical Note that is posted with the news release on BEA's Web site. A detailed "Key Source Data and Assumptions" file is also posted for each release. For information on updates to GDP, see the "Additional Information" section that follows.

Annual Update of the National Income and Product Accounts

The estimates released today also reflect the results of the Annual Update of the National Income and Product Accounts (NIPAs). The update covers the first quarter of 2014 through the first quarter of 2019.

With today's release, most NIPA tables are available through BEA's Interactive Data application on the BEA Web site (www.bea.gov). See "Information on Updates to the National Income and Product Accounts" for the complete table release schedule and a summary of results for 2014 through 2018, which includes a discussion of  methodology changes. A table showing the major current‑dollar revisions and their sources for each component of GDP, national income, and personal income is also provided. The August 2019 Survey of Current Business will contain an article describing the update in more detail.

Previously published estimates, which are superseded by today's release, are found in BEA's archives.

Updates for the first quarter of 2019

For the first quarter of 2019, real GDP is estimated to have increased 3.1 percent (table 1), the same as previously published. Downward revisions to exports, state and local government spending, and private inventory investment were offset by upward revisions to PCE and federal government spending.

For the period of expansion from the second quarter of 2009 to the first quarter of 2019, real GDP increased at an annual rate of 2.3 percent, the same as previously published.

Real GDI is now estimated to have increased 3.2 percent in the first quarter (table 1); in the previously published estimates, first-quarter GDI was estimated to have increased 1.0 percent.

	First Quarter 2019
	Previous Estimate	Revised
	Percent change from preceding quarter
Real GDP	3.1	3.1
Current-dollar GDP	3.8	3.9
Real GDI	1.0	3.2
Average of Real GDP and GDI	2.1	3.1
Gross domestic purchases price index	0.8	0.8
PCE price index	0.5	0.4

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Next release, August 29, 2019 at 8:30 A.M. EDT

Gross Domestic Product by State, First Quarter 2019

Real gross domestic product (GDP) increased in all 50 states and the District of Columbia in the first quarter of 2019, according to statistics released today by the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis. The percent change in real GDP in the first quarter ranged from 5.2 percent in West Virginia to 1.2 percent in Hawaii (table 1).

Highlights

• Finance and insurance, retail trade, and health care and social assistance were the leading contributors to the increase in real GDP nationally (table 2). These industries increased 9.5 percent, 11.9 percent, and 6.2 percent, respectively (GDP by Industry table 1), and contributed to growth in all 50 states and the District of Columbia.
• Mining for the nation increased 26.5 percent, after increasing 38.0 percent in the fourth quarter. This industry was the leading contributor to growth in several states, including the three fastest growing states of West Virginia, Texas, and New Mexico.
• The government sector decreased 1.1 percent nationally and slowed growth in most states, especially in the District of Columbia. The decrease was partly due to the partial federal government shutdown in January 2019.

USA Outward and Inward Direct Investment by Country and Industry, 2018

These statistics cover outward and inward direct investment positions, financial transactions, and income in 2018 and will provide information answering the following questions:

• How much did U.S. multinationals repatriate following the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act?
• Which countries and industries repatriated the most in 2018?
• Which countries are the largest destinations for U.S. multinational enterprises’ direct investment?
• Which countries’ multinational enterprises have the largest direct investment positions in the United States?
• In which industries is foreign direct investment concentrated?

Statistics on foreign direct investment in the United States include data by the country of the immediate foreign parent as well as data by the country of the ultimate beneficial owner. Statistics on U.S. direct investment abroad will include data by the country and industry of the foreign affiliate as well as data by the industry of the U.S. parent.

Business people, economists, researchers and policymakers can use these data to help them assess the impact of direct investment on the U.S. and foreign economies and on various industries. Additionally, these statistics provide information about globalization and the economic ties between the United States and other countries.

The U.S. direct investment abroad position, or cumulative level of investment, decreased $62.3 billion to $5.95 trillion at the end of 2018 from $6.01 trillion at the end of 2017, according to statistics released by the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA). The decrease was due to the repatriation of accumulated prior earnings by U.S. multinationals from their foreign affiliates, largely in response to the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. The decrease reflected a $75.8 billion decrease in the position in Latin America and Other Western Hemisphere, primarily in Bermuda. By industry, holding company affiliates owned by U.S. manufacturers accounted for most of the decrease. 

The foreign direct investment in the United States position increased $319.1 billion to $4.34 trillion at the end of 2018 from $4.03 trillion at the end of 2017. The increase mainly reflected a $226.1 billion increase in the position from Europe, primarily the Netherlands and Ireland. By industry, affiliates in manufacturing, retail trade, and real estate accounted for the largest increases. 

Effects of the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) on U.S. Direct Investment Abroad

The TCJA generally eliminated taxes on dividends, or repatriated earnings, to U.S. multinationals from their foreign affiliates. Dividends of $776.5 billion in 2018 exceeded earnings for the year, which led to negative reinvestment of earnings, decreasing the investment position for the first time since 1982. Tables 3 and 4 provide information on the country and industry breakdown of dividends.

By country, nearly half of the dividends in 2018 were repatriated from affiliates in Bermuda ($231.0 billion) and the Netherlands ($138.8 billion). Ireland was the third largest source of dividends, but its value is suppressed due to confidentiality requirements. By industry, U.S. multinationals in chemical manufacturing ($209.1 billion) and computers and electronic products manufacturing ($195.9 billion) repatriated the most in 2018.

U.S. direct investment abroad (tables 1 – 6)

U.S. multinational enterprises (MNEs) invest in nearly every country, but their investment in affiliates in five countries accounted for more than half of the total position at the end of 2018. The U.S. direct investment abroad position remained the largest in the Netherlands at $883.2 billion, followed by the United Kingdom ($757.8 billion), Luxembourg ($713.8 billion), Ireland ($442.2 billion), and Canada ($401.9 billion). 

By industry of the directly-owned foreign affiliate, investment was highly concentrated in holding companies, which accounted for nearly half of the overall position in 2018. Most holding company affiliates, which are owned by U.S. parents from a variety of industries, own other foreign affiliates that operate in a variety of industries. By industry of the U.S. parent, investment by manufacturing MNEs accounted for 54.0 percent of the position, followed by MNEs in finance and insurance (12.1 percent). 

U.S. MNEs earned income of $531.0 billion in 2018 on their cumulative investment abroad, a 12.8 percent increase from 2017.

Foreign direct investment in the United States (tables 7 – 10)

By country of the foreign parent, five countries accounted for more than half of the total position at the end of 2018. The United Kingdom remained the top investing country with a position of $560.9 billion. Canada ($511.2 billion) moved up one position from 2017 to be the second-largest investing country, moving Japan ($484.4 billion) into third, while the Netherlands ($479.0 billion) and Luxembourg ($356.0 billion) switched places as the fourth and fifth largest investing countries at the end of 2018. 

By country of the ultimate beneficial owner (UBO), the top five countries in terms of position were the United Kingdom ($597.2 billion), Canada ($588.4 billion), Japan ($488.7 billion), Germany ($474.5 billion), and Ireland ($385.3 billion). On this basis, investment from the Netherlands and Luxembourg was much lower than by country of foreign parent, indicating that much of the investment from foreign parents in these countries was ultimately owned by investors in other countries. 

Foreign direct investment in the United States was concentrated in the U.S. manufacturing sector, which accounted for 40.8 percent of the position. There was also sizable investment in finance and insurance (12.1 percent). 

Foreign MNEs earned income of $208.1 billion in 2018 on their cumulative investment in the United States, a 19.7 percent increase from 2017.

Updates to Direct Investment Statistics Delayed

Updates to BEA’s detailed country and industry statistics for U.S. direct investment abroad and for foreign direct investment in the United States for 2016 and 2017 were delayed due to the impact of the partial federal government shutdown that started in late December 2018. BEA will update the 2016 and 2017 statistics in 2020 along with updates to the 2018 statistics." 

U.S. International Trade in Goods and Services, May 2019

The U.S. Census Bureau and the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis announced today that the goods and services deficit was $55.5 billion in May, up $4.3 billion from $51.2 billion in April, revised.

U.S. International Trade in Goods and Services Deficit

Deficit:	$55.5 Billion	+8.4%°
Exports:	$210.6 Billion	+2.0%°
Imports:	$266.2 Billion	+3.3%°
Next release: August 2, 2019 (°) Statistical significance is not applicable or not measurable. Data adjusted for seasonality but not price changes Source: U.S. Census Bureau, U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis; U.S. International Trade in Goods and Services, July 3, 2019

Exports, Imports, and Balance (exhibit 1)

May exports were $210.6 billion, $4.2 billion more than April exports. May imports were $266.2 billion, $8.5 billion more than April imports.

The May increase in the goods and services deficit reflected an increase in the goods deficit of $4.4 billion to $76.1 billion and an increase in the services surplus of $0.1 billion to $20.6 billion.

Year-to-date, the goods and services deficit increased $15.7 billion, or 6.4 percent, from the same period in 2018. Exports increased $5.1 billion or 0.5 percent. Imports increased $20.8 billion or 1.6 percent.

Three-Month Moving Averages (exhibit 2)

The average goods and services deficit increased $1.8 billion to $52.9 billion for the three months ending in May.

• Average exports increased $0.3 billion to $209.5 billion in May.
• Average imports increased $2.2 billion to $262.4 billion in May.

Year-over-year, the average goods and services deficit increased $6.3 billion from the three months ending in May 2018.

• Average exports decreased $1.2 billion from May 2018.
• Average imports increased $5.1 billion from May 2018.

Exports (exhibits 3, 6, and 7)

Exports of goods increased $3.9 billion to $140.8 billion in May.

  Exports of goods on a Census basis increased $4.0 billion.

• Capital goods increased $1.4 billion.
  • Civilian aircraft increased $0.5 billion.
  • Telecommunications equipment increased $0.4 billion.
• Consumer goods increased $0.8 billion.
  • Gem diamonds increased $0.3 billion.
  • Jewelry increased $0.3 billion.
  • Pharmaceutical preparations increased $0.2 billion.
• Foods, feeds, and beverages increased $0.7 billion.
  • Soybeans increased $0.7 billion.
• Other goods increased $0.6 billion.
• Automotive vehicles, parts, and engines increased $0.6 billion.

  Net balance of payments adjustments decreased $0.1 billion.

Exports of services increased $0.3 billion to $69.8 billion in May.

• Maintenance and repair services increased $0.1 billion.
• Travel (for all purposes including education) increased $0.1 billion.
• Transport increased $0.1 billion.

Imports (exhibits 4, 6, and 8)

Imports of goods increased $8.3 billion to $217.0 billion in May.

  Imports of goods on a Census basis increased $8.1 billion.

• Automotive vehicles, parts, and engines increased $2.3 billion.
  • Passenger cars increased $1.5 billion.
• Industrial supplies and materials increased $1.8 billion.
  • Crude oil increased $1.3 billion.
• Capital goods increased $1.6 billion.
  • Semiconductors increased $0.5 billion.
  • Computers increased $0.4 billion.
  • Computer accessories increased $0.3 billion.
• Consumer goods increased $1.4 billion.
• Other goods increased $1.0 billion.

  Net balance of payments adjustments increased $0.2 billion.

Imports of services increased $0.2 billion to $49.2 billion in May.

• Transport increased $0.2 billion.
• Travel (for all purposes including education) decreased $0.1 billion.

Real Goods in 2012 Dollars – Census Basis (exhibit 11)

The real goods deficit increased $4.8 billion to $87.0 billion in May.

• Real exports of goods increased $4.6 billion to $150.5 billion.
• Real imports of goods increased $9.3 billion to $237.5 billion.

Revisions

Revisions to April exports

• Exports of goods were revised up less than $0.1 billion.
• Exports of services were revised down $0.4 billion.

Revisions to April imports

• Imports of goods were revised up less than $0.1 billion.
• Imports of services were revised down less than $0.1 billion.

Goods by Selected Countries and Areas: Monthly – Census Basis (exhibit 19)

The May figures show surpluses, in billions of dollars, with South and Central America ($4.1), Hong Kong ($2.6), Singapore ($0.6), Brazil ($0.5), Saudi Arabia (less than $0.1), and United Kingdom (less than $0.1). Deficits were recorded, in billions of dollars, with China ($30.1), European Union ($16.9), Mexico ($9.1), Japan ($6.0), Germany ($5.8), Canada ($3.6), Italy ($2.6), France ($2.1), India ($1.9), Taiwan ($1.5), South Korea ($1.4), and OPEC ($0.1).

• The deficit with Canada increased $1.8 billion to $3.6 billion in May. Exports decreased $0.3 billion to $24.3 billion and imports increased $1.5 billion to $27.9 billion.
• The deficit with the European Union increased $1.8 billion to $16.9 billion in May. Exports increased $0.2 billion to $27.2 billion and imports increased $2.0 billion to $44.1 billion.
• The deficit with Japan decreased $0.5 billion to $6.0 billion in May. Exports increased $0.5 billion to $6.6 billion and imports increased less than $0.1 billion to $12.5 billion.

*             *             *

Next release: August 2, 2019

New Foreign Direct Investment in the United States, 2018

Expenditures by foreign direct investors to acquire, establish, or expand U.S. businesses totaled $296.4 billion (preliminary) in 2018. Expenditures were up 8.7 percent from $272.8 billion (revised) in 2017 but were below the annual average of $338.1 billion for 2014–2017. As in previous years, acquisitions of existing businesses accounted for a large majority of total expenditures.

In 2018, expenditures for acquisitions were $287.3 billion, expenditures to establish new U.S. businesses were $5.3 billion, and expenditures to expand existing foreign-owned businesses were $3.8 billion. Planned total expenditures, which include both first-year and planned future expenditures, were $318.1 billion. 

Expenditures by industry, country, and state in 2018

By industry, expenditures for new direct investment were mainly concentrated in manufacturing, which accounted for 67.4 percent of total expenditures, or $199.7 billion. Within manufacturing, expenditures were largest in chemical manufacturing ($142.3 billion). There were also notable expenditures in real estate, rental, and leasing ($22.1 billion) and information ($16.3 billion).

By country of ultimate beneficial owner (UBO), Germany and Ireland had the largest expenditures, but their values are suppressed due to confidentiality requirements. Canada ($32.5 billion) was the third largest investing country. By region, Europe contributed nearly three-quarters of new investment in 2018.

By U.S. state, Missouri received the largest investment, but its value is suppressed due to confidentiality requirements. New York ($63.0 billion), Texas ($31.1 billion), and California ($27.3 billion) also received significant investment.

Greenfield expenditures

Greenfield investment expenditures—expenditures to either establish a new U.S. business or to expand an existing foreign-owned U.S. business—were $9.1 billion in 2018. Total planned expenditures until completion for greenfield investment initiated in 2018, which include both first-year and future expenditures, were $30.8 billion. 

By U.S. industry, greenfield expenditures in 2018 were largest in manufacturing ($2.6 billion) and real estate, rental, and leasing ($2.6 billion). By country of UBO, Canada ($2.4 billion) and Japan ($1.2 billion) had the largest expenditures. By U.S. state, Texas received the highest level of greenfield investment ($2.0 billion), followed by New York ($1.6 billion).   

Employment by newly acquired, established, or expanded foreign-owned businesses

In 2018, employment at newly acquired, established, or expanded foreign-owned businesses in the United States was 430,600 employees. Current employment of acquired enterprises was 426,400. Total planned employment, which includes the current employment of acquired enterprises, the planned employment of newly established business enterprises when fully operational, and the planned employment associated with expansions, was 469,800.

By industry, manufacturing accounted for the largest number of employees (209,000), followed by retail trade (62,500). By country of UBO, Canada accounted for the largest number of employees (84,300), followed by the United Kingdom (68,900), and Ireland (68,300).

By U.S. state, California had the largest employment (102,000), followed by New York (55,300) and Texas (45,500). Employment for an acquired entity that operated in multiple states is attributed to the state in which it had the greatest number of employees.

 

Updates to 2017 Expenditures for New Foreign Direct Investment in the United States
Billions of dollars

	Previously Published Estimate	Revised Estimate
First-year expenditures	259.6	272.8
U.S. businesses acquired	253.2	261.5
U.S. businesses established	4.1	6.0
U.S. businesses expanded	2.4	5.3
Planned total expenditures	278.0	299.9
U.S. businesses acquired	253.2	261.5
U.S. businesses established	18.0	23.3
U.S. businesses expanded	6.8	15.2

Next release: July 2020

BEA News: Gross Domestic Product, First Quarter 2019 (Third Estimate); Corporate Profits, First Quarter 2019 (Revised Estimate)

Real gross domestic product (GDP) increased at an annual rate of 3.1 percent in the first quarter of 2019 (table 1), according to the "third" estimate released by the Bureau of Economic Analysis. In the fourth quarter of 2018, real GDP increased 2.2 percent.

The GDP estimate released today is based on more complete source data than were available for the "second" estimate issued last month. In the second estimate, the increase in real GDP was also 3.1 percent. Upward revisions to nonresidential fixed investment, exports, state and local government spending, and residential fixed investment were offset by downward revisions to personal consumption expenditures (PCE) and inventory investment and an upward revision to imports (see "Updates to GDP" on page 2).

Real gross domestic income (GDI) increased 1.0 percent in the first quarter, compared with an increase of 0.5 percent in the fourth quarter. The average of real GDP and real GDI, a supplemental measure of U.S. economic activity that equally weights GDP and GDI, increased 2.1 percent in the first quarter, compared with an increase of 1.3 percent in the fourth quarter (table 1).

The increase in real GDP in the first quarter reflected positive contributions from exports, PCE, nonresidential fixed investment, private inventory investment, and state and local government spending that were slightly offset by a negative contribution from residential fixed investment. Imports, which are a subtraction in the calculation of GDP, decreased (table 2).

The acceleration in real GDP in the first quarter reflected an upturn in state and local government spending and accelerations in private inventory investment and in exports. These movements were partly offset by a deceleration in PCE. Imports decreased in the first quarter after increasing in the fourth (table 2).

Current–dollar GDP increased 3.8 percent, or $195.0 billion, in the first quarter to a level of $21.06 trillion. In the fourth quarter, current-dollar GDP increased 4.1 percent, or $206.9 billion (table 1 and table 3).

The price index for gross domestic purchases increased 0.8 percent in the first quarter, compared with an increase of 1.7 percent in the fourth quarter (table 4). The PCE price indexincreased 0.5 percent, compared with an increase of 1.5 percent. Excluding food and energy prices, the PCE price index increased 1.2 percent, compared with an increase of 1.8 percent.

Updates to GDP

The first-quarter percent change in real GDP was the same as previously estimated, reflecting upward revisions to nonresidential fixed investment, exports, state and local government spending, and residential fixed investment that were offset by downward revisions to PCE and inventory investment, and an upward revision to imports. For more information, see the Technical Note. A detailed "Key Source Data and Assumptions" file is also posted for each release. For information on updates to GDP, see the "Additional Information" section that follows.

	Advance Estimate	Second Estimate	Third Estimate
	(Percent change from preceding quarter)
	Real GDP	3.2	3.1	3.1
Current-dollar GDP	3.8	3.6	3.8
Real GDI	…	1.4	1.0
Average of Real GDP and Real GDI	…	2.2	2.1
Gross domestic purchases price index	0.8	0.7	0.8
PCE price index	0.6	0.4	0.5

 

Upcoming Annual Update of the National Income and Product Accounts

The annual update of the national income and product accounts, covering the first quarter of 2014 through the first quarter of 2019, will be released along with the "advance" estimate of GDP for the second quarter of 2019 on July 26. For more information, see the Technical Note.

Corporate Profits (table 10)

Profits from current production (corporate profits with inventory valuation and capital consumption adjustments) decreased $59.3 billion in the first quarter, compared with a decrease of $9.7 billion in the fourth quarter.

Profits of domestic financial corporations increased $1.4 billion in the first quarter, in contrast to a decrease of $25.2 billion in the fourth quarter. Profits of domestic nonfinancial corporations decreased $68.1 billion, in contrast to an increase of $13.6 billion. Rest-of-the-world profits increased $7.4 billion, compared with an increase of $1.9 billion. In the first quarter, receipts increased $13.8 billion, and payments increased $6.4 billion.

IRS Tax Stats Dispatch

 1.  2014 Corporation Income Tax Returns Complete Report (Publication 16)

Tables presenting statistics from Forms 1120, U.S. Corporation Income Tax Return, are now available. These tables presents comprehensive data on corporation income tax returns with accounting periods ending July 2014 through June 2015. Statistics are presented by industry, asset size, business receipts size, tax form type, and other selected classifiers. Separate tabulations of data reported on Form 1120S, U.S. Income Tax Return for an S Corporation, are also included. The Tax Year 2014 Complete Report presents a significant update to the presentation of corporate tax information. Data formerly presented in a cross-sectional format in a related publication, Corporation Source Book of Statistics of Income, are now included in this publication. Additional tables were also updated, reorganized, and renumbered.

 

  2.  Partnerships, Withholding on Foreign Recipients of U.S. Income, Tax Year 2016

One new table presenting data from Form 8805, Foreign Partner's Information Statement of Section 1446 Withholding Tax, is now available on SOI's Tax Stats Web page. The table provides U.S. income and tax withheld as reported on Form 8805, by country of residence for Tax Year 2016, and includes the number of returns, total income, income, loss, and tax withheld.

 

  3.  Withholding on Dispositions by Foreign Persons of U.S. Real Property Interests, Calendar Year 2016

A table presenting data from Form 8288-A, Withholding on Dispositions by Foreign Persons of U.S. Real Property Interests, for Calendar Year 2016, is now available on SOI's Tax Stats Web page. The table presents the number of returns reporting the sales price of U.S. real property interest, Federal income tax withheld,  and country of residence of foreign person as reported on Form 8288-A.

U.S. International Transactions, First Quarter 2019 and Annual Update

Current-Account Balance

The U.S. current-account deficit decreased to $130.4 billion (preliminary) in the first quarter of 2019 from $143.9 billion (revised) in the fourth quarter of 2018, according to statistics released by the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA). The deficit was 2.5 percent of current-dollar gross domestic product in the first quarter, down from 2.8 percent in the fourth quarter.

The $13.5 billion decrease in the current-account deficit mostly reflected a decrease in the deficit on goods that was partly offset by an increase in the deficit on secondary income.

Current-Account Transactions (tables 1-5)

Exports of goods and services and income receipts

Exports of goods and services and income receipts increased $7.2 billion in the first quarter to $945.9 billion.

• Primary income receipts increased $5.3 billion to $281.8 billion, primarily reflecting increases in direct investment income and in other investment income. A decrease in portfolio investment income partly offset the increases. For more information on direct investment income, see "Effects of the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act on Components of the International Transactions Accounts."
• Goods exports increased $2.4 billion to $419.3 billion, primarily reflecting increases in automotive vehicles, parts, and engines, mostly passenger cars, and in foods, feeds, and beverages, mainly soybeans. A decrease in industrial supplies and materials partly offset the increases.
• Services exports increased $2.3 billion to $209.1 billion, primarily reflecting an increase in travel (for all purposes including education), mostly personal travel.
• Secondary income receipts decreased $2.8 billion to $35.6 billion, reflecting decreases in both private and U.S. government transfers.

Imports of goods and services and income payments

Imports of goods and services and income payments decreased $6.3 billion in the first quarter to $1.08 trillion.

• Goods imports decreased $13.4 billion to $635.9 billion, primarily reflecting a decrease in industrial supplies and materials, mainly petroleum and products.
• Primary income payments increased $4.3 billion to $220.7 billion, primarily reflecting an increase in direct investment income.

Effects of the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act on Components of the International Transactions Accounts

In the international transactions accounts, income on equity, or earnings, of foreign affiliates of U.S. multinational enterprises consists of a portion that is repatriated to the parent company in the United States in the form of dividends and a portion that is reinvested in foreign affiliates. In response to the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, which generally eliminated taxes on repatriated earnings, some U.S. multinational enterprises repatriated accumulated prior earnings of their foreign affiliates. In the first, second, and fourth quarters of 2018, the repatriation of dividends exceeded current-period earnings, resulting in negative values being recorded for reinvested earnings. In the first quarter of 2019, dividends were $100.2 billion while reinvested earnings were $40.2 billion (see table below). The reinvested earnings are also reflected in the net acquisition of direct investment assets in the financial account (table 6). For more information, see "How does the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act affect BEA’s business income statistics?" and "How are the international transactions accounts affected by an increase in direct investment dividend receipts?"

Direct Investment Earnings Receipts Billions of dollars, seasonally adjusted
	2017				2018				2019
	Ir	IIr	IIIr	IVr	Ir	IIr	IIIr	IVr	Ip
Direct investment earnings	114.7	115.4	122.2	130.7	134.3	139.4	139.2	134.0	140.5
Dividends	38.2	34.9	55.1	26.9	285.9	223.8	120.2	146.6	100.2
Reinvested earnings	76.5	80.5	67.1	103.8	−151.6	−84.4	18.9	−12.6	40.2
p Preliminary | r Revised

Capital Account, Fourth Quarter (table 1)

There were no capital-account transactions recorded in the first quarter, following receipts of $2.7 billion in the fourth quarter. The fourth-quarter transactions reflected receipts from foreign insurance companies for losses resulting from the wildfires in California. For information on transactions associated with natural disasters, see "What are the effects of hurricanes and other disasters on the international economic accounts?"

Financial Account (tables 1, 6, 7, and 8)

Net U.S. borrowing measured by financial-account transactions was $37.8 billion in the first quarter, a decrease from net borrowing of $161.6 billion in the fourth quarter.

Financial assets

Net U.S. acquisition of financial assets excluding financial derivatives increased $4.3 billion in the first quarter to $151.6 billion.

• Net U.S. acquisition of direct investment assets increased $33.8 billion to $59.5 billion. For more information on recent transactions in direct investment assets, see "Effects of the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act on Components of the International Transactions Accounts."
• Net U.S. acquisition of other investment assets increased $9.9 billion to $151.6 billion, reflecting an increase in net U.S. provision of loans to foreign residents that was mostly offset by a decrease in net U.S acquisition of currency and deposits.
• Net U.S. sales of portfolio investment assets increased $37.5 billion to $59.7 billion, reflecting net U.S. sales of foreign stocks following net U.S. purchases in the fourth quarter.

Liabilities

Net U.S. incurrence of liabilities excluding financial derivatives decreased $118.3 billion in the first quarter to $167.9 billion.

• Net U.S. incurrence of other investment liabilities decreased $148.5 billion to $70.2 billion, mostly reflecting net foreign withdrawal of deposits in the United States following a net increase in deposits in the fourth quarter.
• Net foreign sales of U.S. portfolio investment liabilities were $7.7 billion following net foreign purchases of $14.9 billion in the fourth quarter, reflecting relatively large and nearly offsetting changes in U.S. stock and debt security transactions from the fourth to the first quarter.
• Net U.S. incurrence of direct investment liabilities increased $52.7 billion to $105.5 billion, primarily reflecting net U.S. incurrence of debt liabilities following net U.S. repayment in the fourth quarter.

Financial derivatives

Transactions in financial derivatives other than reserves reflected first-quarter net borrowing of $21.4 billion.

Statistical Discrepancy (table 1)

The statistical discrepancy was $92.6 billion in the first quarter following a statistical discrepancy of −$20.4 billion in the fourth quarter.

Updates to Fourth Quarter 2018 International Transactions Accounts Aggregatess Billions of dollars, seasonally adjusted
	Preliminary estimate	Revised estimate
Current-account balance	−134.4	−143.9
Goods balance	−233.1	−232.3
Services balance	66.1	61.2
Primary-income balance	60.4	60.1
Secondary-income balance	−27.8	−32.8
Capital-account balance	8.9	2.7
Net lending (+)/borrowing (–) from financial-account transactions	−168.3	−161.6
Statistical discrepancy	−42.8	−20.4

U.S. International Trade in Goods and Services, April 2019

The U.S. Census Bureau and the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis announced today that the goods and services deficit was $50.8 billion in April, down $1.1 billion from $51.9 billion in March, revised.

U.S. International Trade in Goods and Services Deficit

Deficit:	$50.8 Billion	-2.1%°
Exports:	$206.8 Billion	-2.2%°
Imports:	$257.6 Billion	-2.2%°
Next release: July 3, 2019 (°) Statistical significance is not applicable or not measurable. Data adjusted for seasonality but not price changes Source: U.S. Census Bureau, U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis; U.S. International Trade in Goods and Services, June 6, 2019

Exports, Imports, and Balance (exhibit 1)

April exports were $206.8 billion, $4.6 billion less than March exports. April imports were $257.6 billion, $5.7 billion less than March imports.

The April decrease in the goods and services deficit reflected a decrease in the goods deficit of $1.0 billion to $71.7 billion and an increase in the services surplus of $0.1 billion to $20.9 billion.

Year-to-date, the goods and services deficit increased $4.1 billion, or 2.0 percent, from the same period in 2018. Exports increased $8.3 billion or 1.0 percent. Imports increased $12.4 billion or 1.2 percent.

Three-Month Moving Averages (exhibit 2)

The average goods and services deficit decreased $0.6 billion to $50.9 billion for the three months ending in April.

• Average exports decreased $0.2 billion to $209.3 billion in April.
• Average imports decreased $0.8 billion to $260.2 billion in April.

Year-over-year, the average goods and services deficit increased $1.2 billion from the three months ending in April 2018.

• Average exports increased $1.2 billion from April 2018.
• Average imports increased $2.3 billion from April 2018.

Exports (exhibits 3, 6, and 7)

Exports of goods decreased $4.4 billion to $136.9 billion in April.

  Exports of goods on a Census basis decreased $4.5 billion.

• Capital goods decreased $2.7 billion.
  • Civilian aircraft decreased $2.3 billion.
• Automotive vehicles, parts, and engines decreased $0.8 billion.
  • Passenger cars decreased $0.4 billion.
  • Automotive parts and accessories decreased $0.3 billion.
• Consumer goods decreased $0.6 billion.
  • Pharmaceutical preparations decreased $0.4 billion.

  Net balance of payments adjustments increased $0.1 billion.

Exports of services decreased $0.2 billion to $69.9 billion in April.

• Travel (for all purposes including education) decreased $0.1 billion.
• Maintenance and repair services decreased $0.1 billion.

Imports (exhibits 4, 6, and 8)

Imports of goods decreased $5.4 billion to $208.7 billion in April.

  Imports of goods on a Census basis decreased $5.4 billion.

• Capital goods decreased $1.7 billion.
  • Semiconductors decreased $0.9 billion.
  • Civilian aircraft engines decreased $0.4 billion.
• Consumer goods decreased $1.1 billion.
  • Gem diamonds decreased $0.7 billion.
• Automotive vehicles, parts, and engines decreased $1.0 billion.
  • Passenger cars decreased $0.6 billion.
• Other goods decreased $0.8 billion.
• Industrial supplies and materials decreased $0.6 billion.

  Net balance of payments adjustments decreased less than $0.1 billion.

Imports of services decreased $0.3 billion to $49.0 billion in April.

• Transport decreased $0.3 billion.

Real Goods in 2012 Dollars – Census Basis (exhibit 11)

The real goods deficit decreased $1.1 billion to $81.9 billion in April.

• Real exports of goods decreased $5.1 billion to $146.0 billion.
• Real imports of goods decreased $6.2 billion to $227.9 billion.

Revisions

Exports and imports of goods and services for all months through March 2019 shown in this release reflect the incorporation of annual revisions to the goods and services series. See the "Notice" in this release for a description of the revisions.

Revisions to March exports

• Exports of goods were revised down $0.4 billion.
• Exports of services were revised down $0.2 billion.

Revisions to March imports

• Imports of goods were revised down $0.1 billion.
• Imports of services were revised up $1.4 billion.

Goods by Selected Countries and Areas: Monthly – Census Basis (exhibit 19)

The April figures show surpluses, in billions of dollars, with South and Central America ($4.2), Hong Kong ($2.4), Brazil ($0.9), and Singapore ($0.6). Deficits were recorded, in billions of dollars, with China ($29.4), European Union ($15.1), Mexico ($7.9), Japan ($6.5), Germany ($5.4), Italy ($3.1), Taiwan ($2.0), France ($2.0), Canada ($1.8), South Korea ($1.5), India ($1.3), United Kingdom ($0.4), Saudi Arabia ($0.2), and OPEC (less than $0.1).

• The deficit with the European Union decreased $1.0 billion to $15.1 billion in April. Exports decreased $0.4 billion to $27.0 billion and imports decreased $1.4 billion to $42.1 billion.
• The deficit with Canada decreased $0.9 billion to $1.8 billion in April. Exports decreased $0.4 billion to $24.6 billion and imports decreased $1.3 billion to $26.4 billion.
• The deficit with China increased $2.1 billion to $29.4 billion in April. Exports decreased $1.8 billion to $8.5 billion and imports increased $0.3 billion to $37.9 billion.

Goods and Services by Selected Countries and Areas: Quarterly – Balance of Payments Basis (exhibit 20)

Statistics on trade in goods and services by country and area are only available quarterly, with a one-month lag. With this release, first-quarter figures are now available.

The first-quarter figures show surpluses, in billions of dollars, with South and Central America ($22.3), Brazil ($8.1), Hong Kong ($7.4), OPEC ($6.6), United Kingdom ($5.0), Singapore ($4.2), Canada ($4.0), and Saudi Arabia ($1.5). Deficits were recorded, in billions of dollars, with China ($80.8), European Union ($28.4), Mexico ($23.0), Germany ($16.7), Japan ($15.6), Italy ($9.4), India ($7.1), Taiwan ($5.0), France ($4.6), and South Korea ($4.1).

• The deficit with China decreased $22.9 billion to $80.8 billion in the first quarter. Exports increased $4.9 billion to $41.4 billion and imports decreased $18.0 billion to $122.2 billion.
• The balance with Saudi Arabia shifted from a deficit of $2.5 billion to a surplus of $1.5 billion in the first quarter. Exports increased $1.0 billion to $6.3 billion and imports decreased $3.0 billion to $4.8 billion.
• The deficit with South Korea increased $1.8 billion to $4.1 billion in the first quarter. Exports decreased $1.5 billion to $19.7 billion and imports increased $0.3 billion to $23.8 billion.

BEA News: Gross Domestic Product, 1st quarter 2019 (second estimate); Corporate Profits, 1st quarter 2019 (preliminary estimate)

Real gross domestic product (GDP) increased at an annual rate of 3.1 percent in the first quarter of 2019 (table 1), according to the "second" estimate released by the Bureau of Economic Analysis. In the fourth quarter, real GDP increased 2.2 percent.

The GDP estimate released today is based on more complete source data than were available for the "advance" estimate issued last month.  In the advance estimate, the increase in real GDP in the first quarter was 3.2 percent. Today's estimate reflects downward revisions to nonresidential fixed investment and private inventory investment and upward revisions to exports and personal consumption expenditures (PCE). Imports, which are a subtraction in the calculation of GDP, were revised up; the general picture of economic growth remains the same (see "Updates to GDP" on page 2).

Real gross domestic income (GDI) increased 1.4 percent in the first quarter, compared with an increase of 0.5 percent (revised) in the fourth quarter. The average of real GDP and real GDI, a supplemental measure of U.S. economic activity that equally weights GDP and GDI, increased 2.2 percent in the first quarter, compared with an increase of 1.3 percent in the fourth quarter (table 1).

The increase in real GDP in the first quarter reflected positive contributions from PCE, private inventory investment, exports, state and local government spending, and nonresidential fixed investment that were partly offset by a negative contribution from residential fixed investment. Imports, which are a subtraction in the calculation of GDP, decreased (table 2).

The acceleration in real GDP in the first quarter reflected an upturn in state and local government spending, accelerations in private inventory investment and in exports, and a smaller decrease in residential investment. These movements were partly offset by decelerations in PCE and nonresidential fixed investment, and a downturn in federal government spending. Imports turned down.

Current–dollar GDP increased 3.6 percent, or $183.7 billion, in the first quarter to a level of $21.05 trillion. In the fourth quarter, current-dollar GDP increased 4.1 percent, or $206.9 billion (table 1 and table 3).

The price index for gross domestic purchases increased 0.7 percent in the first quarter, compared with an increase of 1.7 percent in the fourth quarter (table 4). The PCE price index increased 0.4 percent, compared with an increase of 1.5 percent. Excluding food and energy prices, the PCE price index increased 1.0 percent, compared with an increase of 1.8 percent.

Updates to GDP

The percent change in first-quarter real GDP was revised down 0.1 percentage point from the advance estimate. Downward revisions to nonresidential fixed investment and private inventory investment and an upward revision to imports were mostly offset by upward revisions to exports and PCE. For more information, see the Technical Note. A detailed "Key Source Data and Assumptions" file is also posted for each release.  For information on updates to GDP, see the "Additional Information" section that follows.

	Advance Estimate	Second Estimate
	(Percent change from preceding quarter)
Real GDP	3.2	3.1
Current-dollar GDP	3.8	3.6
Real GDI	…	1.4
Average of Real GDP and Real GDI	…	2.2
Gross domestic purchases price index	0.8	0.7
PCE price index	0.6	0.4

For the fourth quarter of 2018, the percent change in real GDI was revised from 1.7 percent to 0.5 percent based on newly available fourth-quarter tabulations from the BLS Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages program.

Corporate Profits (table 10)

Profits from current production (corporate profits with inventory valuation and capital consumption adjustments) decreased $65.4 billion in the first quarter, compared with a decrease of $9.7 billion in the fourth quarter.

Profits of domestic financial corporations increased $7.4 billion in the first quarter, in contrast to a decrease of $25.2 billion in the fourth quarter. Profits of domestic nonfinancial corporations decreased $62.1 billion, in contrast to an increase of $13.6 billion. Rest-of-the-world profits decreased $10.7 billion, in contrast to an increase of $1.9 billion. In the first quarter, receipts increased $4.0 billion, and payments increased $14.8 billion.

Upcoming Annual Update of the National Income and Product Accounts

The annual update of the national income and product accounts, covering the first quarter of 2014 through the first quarter of 2019, will be released along with the "advance" estimate of GDP for the second quarter of 2019 on July 26.  For more information, see the Technical Note.

BEA News: U.S. International Trade in Goods and Services, March 2019

The U.S. Census Bureau and the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis announced today that the goods and services deficit was $50.0 billion in March, up $0.7 billion from $49.3 billion in February, revised.

U.S. International Trade in Goods and Services Deficit

Deficit:	$50.0 Billion	+1.5%°
Exports:	$212.0 Billion	+1.0%°
Imports:	$262.0 Billion	+1.1%°
Next release: June 6, 2019 (°) Statistical significance is not applicable or not measurable. Data adjusted for seasonality but not price changes Source: U.S. Census Bureau, U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis; U.S. International Trade in Goods and Services, May 9, 2019

Exports, Imports, and Balance (exhibit 1)

March exports were $212.0 billion, $2.1 billion more than February exports. March imports were $262.0 billion, $2.8 billion more than February imports.

The March increase in the goods and services deficit reflected an increase in the goods deficit of $0.5 billion to $72.4 billion and a decrease in the services surplus of $0.2 billion to $22.4 billion.

Year-to-date, the goods and services deficit decreased $5.8 billion, or 3.7 percent, from the same period in 2018. Exports increased $14.0 billion or 2.3 percent. Imports increased $8.2 billion or 1.1 percent.

Three-Month Moving Averages (exhibit 2)

The average goods and services deficit decreased $3.3 billion to $50.1 billion for the three months ending in March.

• Average exports increased $2.2 billion to $209.7 billion in March.
• Average imports decreased $1.1 billion to $259.9 billion in March.

Year-over-year, the average goods and services deficit decreased $1.9 billion from the three months ending in March 2018.

• Average exports increased $4.7 billion from March 2018.
• Average imports increased $2.7 billion from March 2018.

Exports (exhibits 3, 6, and 7)

Exports of goods increased $2.0 billion to $141.7 billion in March.

  Exports of goods on a Census basis increased $2.1 billion.

• Industrial supplies and materials increased $1.7 billion.
  • Natural gas liquids increased $0.4 billion.
  • Fuel oil increased $0.3 billion.
  • Metallurgical grade coal increased $0.3 billion.
  • Other petroleum products increased $0.3 billion.
• Foods, feeds, and beverages increased $0.8 billion.
  • Soybeans increased $0.5 billion.
• Capital goods decreased $0.5 billion.
  • Civilian aircraft decreased $0.7 billion.

  Net balance of payments adjustments decreased $0.1 billion.

Exports of services increased less than $0.1 billion to $70.3 billion in March.

• Maintenance and repair services increased $0.1 billion.
• Financial services increased $0.1 billion.
• Transport decreased $0.1 billion.

Imports (exhibits 4, 6, and 8)

Imports of goods increased $2.6 billion to $214.1 billion in March.

  Imports of goods on a Census basis increased $2.6 billion.

• Industrial supplies and materials increased $2.4 billion.
  • Crude oil increased $1.4 billion.
  • Organic chemicals increased $0.5 billion.
  • Other petroleum products increased $0.4 billion.
• Foods, feeds, and beverages increased $1.0 billion.
  • Other foods increased $0.5 billion.
  • Fish and shellfish increased $0.2 billion.
• Consumer goods decreased $0.7 billion.
  • Cell phones and other household goods decreased $1.1 billion.

  Net balance of payments adjustments decreased $0.1 billion.

Imports of services increased $0.2 billion to $47.8 billion in March.

• Travel (for all purposes including education) increased $0.1 billion.
• Maintenance and repair services increased $0.1 billion.
• Insurance services decreased $0.1 billion.

Real Goods in 2012 Dollars – Census Basis (exhibit 11)

The real goods deficit increased $0.5 billion to $82.1 billion in March.

• Real exports of goods increased $1.0 billion to $151.8 billion.
• Real imports of goods increased $1.5 billion to $233.8 billion.

Revisions

Revisions to February exports

• Exports of goods were revised up $0.1 billion.
• Exports of services were revised up $0.1 billion.

Revisions to February imports

• Imports of goods were revised up less than $0.1 billion.
• Imports of services were revised up $0.1 billion.

Goods by Selected Countries and Areas: Monthly – Census Basis (exhibit 19)

The March figures show surpluses, in billions of dollars, with South and Central America ($4.2), Hong Kong ($2.4), Brazil ($0.9), OPEC ($0.7), Saudi Arabia ($0.3), and Singapore ($0.2). Deficits were recorded, in billions of dollars, with China ($28.3), European Union ($15.8), Mexico ($8.6), Japan ($6.1), Germany ($5.7), Italy ($2.8), Canada ($2.1), Taiwan ($2.0), South Korea ($1.8), India ($1.8), France ($1.7), and United Kingdom ($0.2).

• The deficit with the European Union increased $3.4 billion to $15.8 billion in March. Exports decreased $1.4 billion to $27.8 billion and imports increased $2.0 billion to $43.6 billion.
• The balance with Canada shifted from a surplus of $0.5 billion to a deficit of $2.1 billion in March. Exports decreased $0.1 billion to $25.3 billion and imports increased $2.6 billion to $27.5 billion.
• The deficit with China decreased $1.9 billion to $28.3 billion in March. Exports increased $1.4 billion to $10.5 billion and imports decreased $0.5 billion to $38.8 billion.

BEA News: Gross Domestic Product by State, 4th quarter 2018 and annual 2018

Quarterly GDP by state in 2018:Q4

Real gross domestic product (GDP) increased in 49 states and the District of Columbia in the fourth quarter of 2018, according to statistics released today by the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis. The percent change in real GDP in the fourth quarter ranged from 6.6 percent in Texas to 0.0 percent in Delaware (table 1).

Wholesale trade, mining, and information services were the leading contributors to the increase in real GDP nationally (table 2). Mining and wholesale trade were the leading contributors to the increase in real GDP in Texas, the fastest growing state.

Other highlights

• Wholesale trade increased 9.1 percent nationally and contributed to growth in all 50 states (GDP by Industry table 1).
• Mining increased 38.0 percent nationally and contributed to growth in 49 states. In addition to Texas, this industry was the leading contributor to the increase in real GDP in Wyoming, Oklahoma, Alaska, and New Mexico–the second through fifth fastest growing states.
• Information services increased 8.9 percent nationally and contributed to growth in every state and the District of Columbia.

Annual GDP by state in 2018

Real GDP increased in 49 states and the District of Columbia in 2018. The percent change in real GDP ranged from 5.7 percent in Washington to -0.3 percent in Alaska (table 4).

Information services; professional, scientific, and technical services; and durable goods manufacturing were the leading contributors to national economic growth in 2018. Information services and retail trade were the leading contributors to the increase in real GDP in Washington, the fastest growing state (table 5).

Other highlights

• In addition to Washington, information services was the leading contributor to the increase in real GDP in four additional states, including California.
• Professional, scientific, and technical services was the leading contributor to the increase in real GDP in Utah, the second fastest growing state.
• Durable goods manufacturing was the leading contributor to the increase in real GDP in Idaho, the third fastest growing state.

Updates to Gross Domestic Product by State

Today, BEA also released revised quarterly estimates for 2015:Q1 to 2018:Q3 and annual statistics for 2015-2017. Updates are made each year about this time to incorporate new and revised state source data.

BEA News: Personal Income and Outlays, March 2019

Due to the recent partial federal government shutdown, this report combines estimates for February and March 2019. Personal Income is updated for January and February and new estimates are available for March. Personal consumption expenditures are updated for January and new estimates are available for February and March.

Personal Income and Outlays, March 2019

Personal income increased $11.4 billion (0.1 percent) in March according to estimates released today by the Bureau of Economic Analysis. Disposable personal income (DPI) increased $0.6 billion, (less than 0.1 percent) and personal consumption expenditures (PCE) increased $123.5 billion (0.9 percent).

Real DPI decreased 0.2 percent in March, and real PCE increased 0.7 percent. The PCE price index increased 0.2 percent. Excluding food and energy, the PCE price index increased less than 0.1 percent.

The increase in personal income in March primarily reflected increases in compensation of employees and government social benefits to persons that were partially offset by decreases in personal interest income and farm proprietors’ income.

In March, real PCE increased $87.4 billion, which reflected a $66.3 billion increase in spending on goods and an increase of $27.9 billion in spending on services. Within goods, increases were widespread, with spending on motor vehicles and parts the leading contributor. Within services, the largest contributor to the increase was spending on health care.

Personal outlays increased $126.5 billion in March. Personal saving was $1.03 trillion in March, and the personal saving rate, personal saving as a percentage of disposable personal income, was 6.5 percent.

Personal Income and Outlays, February 2019

Personal income increased $35.6 billion (0.2 percent) in February. Disposable personal income increased $23.0 billion (0.1 percent), and personal consumption expenditures increased $11.7 billion (0.1 percent).

Real DPI increased less than 0.1 percent in February, and real PCE decreased less than 0.1 percent. The PCE price index increased 0.1 percent. Excluding food and energy, the PCE price index increased 0.1 percent.

The increase in personal income in February primarily reflected increases in compensation of employees, government social benefits to persons, and personal dividend income that were partially offset by a decrease in personal interest income.

In February, real PCE decreased $2.8 billion, which reflected a $23.4 billion decrease in spending on goods. This was partially offset by an increase of $16.4 billion in spending on services (table 7). Within goods, food and beverages purchased for off-premises consumption was the leading contributor to the decrease. Within services, the largest contributor to the increase was spending on household electricity and gas. Detailed information on monthly real PCE spending can be found in Table 2.3.6U.

Personal outlays increased $14.8 billion in February. Personal saving was $1.16 trillion in February, and the personal saving rate, personal saving as a percentage of disposable personal income, was 7.3 percent.

	2018		2019
	Nov.	Dec.	Jan.	Feb.	Mar.
	Percent change from preceding month
Personal income:
Current dollars	0.3	1.0	-0.1	0.2	0.1
Disposable personal income:
Current dollars	0.3	1.1	-0.2	0.1	0.0
Chained (2012) dollars	0.3	1.0	-0.2	0.0	-0.2
Personal consumption expenditures (PCE):
Current dollars	0.5	-0.6	0.3	0.1	0.9
Chained (2012) dollars	0.4	-0.6	0.4	0.0	0.7
Price indexes:
PCE	0.1	0.1	0.0	0.1	0.2
PCE, excluding food and energy	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.0
Price indexes:	Percent change from month one year ago
PCE	1.8	1.8	1.4	1.3	1.5
PCE, excluding food and energy	1.9	2.0	1.8	1.7	1.6

Upcoming Annual Update of the National Income and Product Accounts

The annual update of the national income and product accounts, covering the first quarter of 2014 through the first quarter of 2019, will be released along with the "advance" estimate of GDP for the second quarter of 2019 on July 26.  For more information, see the Technical Note.

Next release: May 31, 2019 at 8:30 A.M. EDT

Gross Domestic Product, First Quarter 2019 greatly exceeds expectation at 3.2% instead of less than 2%

Real gross domestic product (GDP) increased at an annual rate of 3.2 percent in the first quarter of 2019 (table 1), according to the "advance" estimate released by the Bureau of Economic Analysis. In the fourth quarter of 2018, real GDP increased 2.2 percent.

The Bureau’s first-quarter advance estimate released today is based on source data that are incomplete or subject to further revision by the source agency (see “Source Data for the Advance Estimate” on page 2). The "second" estimate for the first quarter, based on more complete data, will be released on May 30, 2019.

The increase in real GDP in the first quarter reflected positive contributions from personal consumption expenditures (PCE), private inventory investment, exports, state and local government spending, and nonresidential fixed investment. Imports, which are a subtraction in the calculation of GDP, decreased (table 2). These contributions were partly offset by a decrease in residential investment.

The acceleration in real GDP growth in the first quarter reflected an upturn in state and local government spending, accelerations in private inventory investment and in exports, and a smaller decrease in residential investment. These movements were partly offset by decelerations in PCE and nonresidential fixed investment, and a downturn in federal government spending. Imports, which are a subtraction in the calculation of GDP, turned down.

Current dollar GDP increased 3.8 percent, or $197.6 billion, in the first quarter to a level of $21.06 trillion. In the fourth quarter, current-dollar GDP increased 4.1 percent, or $206.9 billion (table 1 and table 3).

The price index for gross domestic purchases increased 0.8 percent in the first quarter, compared with an increase of 1.7 percent in the fourth quarter (table 4). The PCE price index increased 0.6 percent, compared with an increase of 1.5 percent. Excluding food and energy prices, the PCE price index increased 1.3 percent, compared with an increase of 1.8 percent.

Personal Income (table 8)

Current-dollar personal income increased $147.2 billion in the first quarter, compared with an increase of $229.0 billion in the fourth quarter. The deceleration reflected downturns in personal interest income, personal dividend income, and proprietors’ income that were partly offset by an acceleration in personal current transfer receipts.

Disposable personal income increased $116.0 billion, or 3.0 percent, in the first quarter, compared with an increase of $222.9 billion, or 5.8 percent, in the fourth quarter. Real disposable personal income increased 2.4 percent, compared with an increase of 4.3 percent.

Personal saving was $1.11 trillion in the first quarter, compared with $1.07 trillion in the fourth quarter. The personal saving rate -- personal saving as a percentage of disposable personal income -- was 7.0 percent in the first quarter, compared with 6.8 percent in the fourth quarter.