Elder Law Prof Blog

Nursing Home Staffing and Finances and the Industry's Response to "Historic" CMS Mandates

One of the longest running issues in the operation of nursing homes is adequacy of staffing to provide safe care.  The staffing issues intensified with the COVID pandemic but have not truly eased over the last two years, especially as the constant search for qualified workers is up against immigration restrictions, wage competition in health care, lack of reality-based public funding support, and the "drift" away from personal services in almost all employment sectors.  

Nonetheless, the current Administration and  CMS are not accepting "crisis" arguments as an automatic excuse for inadequate staffing.  In April 2024, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) issued final rules for "Minimum Staffing Standards for Long-Term Care Facilities" and "Medicaid Institutional Payments Transparency Reporting."  An April 24, 2024 CMS "Fact Sheet" summarizes the mandates which include phased implementation dates:

Central to this final rule are new comprehensive minimum nurse staffing requirements, which aim to significantly reduce the risk of residents receiving unsafe and low-quality care within LTC facilities. CMS is finalizing a total nurse staffing standard of 3.48 hours per resident day (HPRD), which must include at least 0.55 HPRD of direct registered nurse (RN) care and 2.45 HPRD of direct nurse aide care.  . . . 

 

CMS is also finalizing enhanced facility assessment requirements and a requirement to have an RN onsite 24 hours a day, seven days a week, to provide skilled nursing care. . . . 

 

The Medicaid Institutional Payment Transparency Reporting provisions, finalized in this rule, are designed to promote public transparency related to the percentage of Medicaid payments for services in nursing facilities and ICFs/IID that is spent on compensation to direct care workers and support staff. . . . 

 

Highlights from the Medicaid Institutional Payment Transparency Reporting provisions include: 

• New institutional payment reporting requirements requiring states to report to CMS on the percentage of Medicaid payments for services in nursing facilities and ICFs/IID that is spent on compensation for direct care workers (such as nursing and therapy staff) and support staff (such as housekeepers and drivers providing transportation for residents). These requirements apply regardless of whether a state’s LTSS delivery system is fee-for-service or managed care. . . . 
• Support for quality care and worker safety by excluding costs of travel, training, and personal protective equipment (PPE) from the calculation of the percent of Medicaid payments going to compensation. . . . 
• Promoting the public availability of Medicaid institutional payment information, by requiring that both states and CMS make the institutional payment information reported by states available on public-facing websites."

I turned to the latest issue (June 2024) of McKnights Long-Term Care News to see industry-friendly viewpoints.  The public website often includes select articles from the subscription-based News.  I was especially struck by a new Opinion piece by the Executive Editor of this industry-focused media source.  Under the headline for the article that seems still to be behind a paywall, "A Dangerous Game of Chicken for Nursing Homes," James Berklan begins:

The federal government's first-ever nursing home staffing mandate can be a very dangerous thing  Just maybe not for the reason that many have been portraying. 

 

The administration has stuck its neck out to do what no other had done before it.

 

At the same time, providers are sticking their necks out by doubling down on their poor-mouthing platform.  The one-size-fits-all, unfunded mandate will put countless operators out of business, is the party line. . . .

 

Will enough skilled nursing operators actually start to go belly-up or leave the business and not get replaced by some other operator?

 

In brief, if the final rule's main staffing provisions go fully into effect in a few years and there's not enough loss of skilled nursing capacity, this turns from being a dangerous game of chicken into more like a reputation-killing case of crying wolf.  

 

So, now the intrigue builds.  What happens if the free-market forces continue, as they are wont to do in this country, and investors keep acquiring facilities?

 

Given the billions of dollars currently in play in US long-term care, it would be foolish to think there won't be certain players still looking to make a buck on this business. . . . . 

 

It seems that the government, or at least the current administration (hint) is fully in the consumer-worker camp that believes providers are simply hoarding their reserves, and are able to save their own hides.

 

Clearly, the feds believe they have the upper hand in calling operators' bluff."

 

In my Elder Law Prof Blog post from earlier this week, focusing on private equity investment in nursing homes, I quoted the title from a newspaper's op-ed, using the phrase "tipping point."  It does seem that the feds and the industry agree that somehow the issue of adequate staffing -- with qualified workers -- who expect appropriate pay -- is indeed a key "tipping point" for care-connected senior living.

Pittsburgh-Post Gazette Editorial: "A Tipping Point" for Private Equity Firms in Nursing Homes

Recently, the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette's online publication carried an editorial on a very hot topic, the impact of private equity investment in nursing homes.  The opening paragraph sets the stage for the argument:

The long-term mismanagement of nursing homes by private equity firms has reached a tipping point, resulting in over 20 bankruptcy filings in local elder care facilities in just a few weeks. It’s only the beginning of turmoil for nursing homes run by private equity, and the terrible results should be a lesson guiding future oversight.

As the article explains, while there are a host of bankruptcies in the Pittsburg area, the problem is not "just" a local issue.  Further, the editorial tracks a corporate strategy designed to separate the operational side of the business from the more lucrative "management fee" side of the business, observing: 

Private equity firms extract money from nursing homes in a process called a “sale-leaseback,” or selling the land out from under the facilities for lump payments. Nursing homes are suddenly forced to pay rent or “management fees” to occupy facilities they once owned. This is the same process, in a much less sensitive business, that resulted in the bankruptcy of the Red Lobster restaurant chain.

I once tried to explain to a financial advisor that I wanted nothing to do with investments by private equity into for-profit health care, and especially into nursing home care, as I personally could see no easy way for profit-seeking to create better quality of care.  Did they listen?  It is hard to know.  But, as the editorial also points out, new federal Medicare/Medicaid rules now seek to compel facilities to "disclose their ownership." 

The editorial concludes with especially strong wording, expressing hope that disclosure rules will help to "shift incentives against vulture capitalists, and toward operators that put their patients, not profits, first."  

For more read,  Pittsburgh Post Gazette Editorial, "Private Equity and Nursing Homes are a Match Made in Hell." 

 

Report on 2024 Annual Sonya L. Patterson Memorial Elder Abuse Symposium in Oklahoma

Recently, I participated in a well-organized CLE event, offered annually as a memorial to a great attorney who passed away too soon.  The Annual Sonya Patterson Memorial Elder Abuse Symposium  is hosted by Legal Aid Services in Oklahoma.  By all accounts, Sonya Patterson, who died in an accident while just a few years into her already notable career as an attorney, is a proper subject of this tribute, as she was deeply concerned with advocacy for individuals who may be victims of abuse, exploitation or neglect.                             

Cutting edge topics were a big part of the summer 2024 program.  For example, one new concern is about "dirty deeds," where fraudsters record deed transfers, often targeting properties without any mortgages, and thus often targeting the equity earned by older owners.  We heard from hard-working staff members in the Oklahoma County Clerk's office in Oklahoma City, where the county has created a registry/notification system for owners as a way to receive an "alert" about potential fraud. In one instance, the fraudster was arrested while in the act, at the County Clerk's office!  We also heard about the very real need for pro bono legal assistance on this topic, as many older owners may not have ready savings or cash to pay private attorneys to catch and cure the fraud.  

Here was the full lineup for 2024 Symposium::

• Introduction to Elder Abuse Law: Cassandra Bobbitt & Richard Goralewicz
• Ageism:  Richard Goralewicz
• Step by Step, Slowly it Can Happen: Examining Dynamics of Conflicts of Interest for Lawyers in Representation of Older Persons and Families
• Oklahoma Legislative Responses to Elder Abuse: Oklahoma Representative Nicole Miller
• Cleaning Up "Dirty Deeds," by representatives of a County's Deed Recording Office and Attorney Christopher Jones 
• Recognizing and Responding to Elder Abuse in Indian Country: Peggy Jo Archer, Judith Kozlowski, Margaret Carson
• Undue Influence and Its Ethical Implications: David M. Postic, Adjunct Professor at University of Oklahoma College of Law

At the invitation of Rick Goralewicz, senior law project attorney with Legal Aid Services in Oklahoma, I used the visually interesting tale of a real-life Irish Pub to discuss very real consequences of failing to recognize conflicts of interest for attorneys attempting to represent both the older adult and other family members on planning transactions.  My special thanks to Rick and Attorney Ana Reynolds for inviting me again this year!  

 

A Broadway Play about "Breaking and Keeping the Family Contract"?

At this time of year, when the Tony Awards are about to be announced, I often wish that I'd seen particular productions, as some will inevitably disappear from the stages soon after the awards are announced.  I realize that is happening again this year, as I read a New York Times piece about the Tony-nominated "Mother Play."  From the article, an intriguing hint of what I'm missing:  

In the decades-spanning “Mother Play,” set in the Washington area where [playwright Paula Vogel] grew up, Carl (Jim Parsons, Tony-nominated for his performance) is Phyllis’s doted-on darling boy. He is also the tenacious champion of his worshipful younger sister, Martha (Celia Keenan-Bolger, likewise), a fictionalized version of Vogel. And he is the child cast out when Phyllis breaks what Vogel described as “a contract of parenting and family,” which is “that you take care of your family when they’re dying, regardless.”

So, does that contract, whether negotiated or not, exist.  Did it exist as a social construct?  Does it still exist as implied obligation?  The play is reportedly about "forgiveness," or as one of the actresses offers, "Age has such an impact on the way that we're able to view our parents and their shortcomings."  

I'm sorry to miss the production, which is scheduled to close on Sunday, especially as it has a great cast, including Jessica Lange, real age 75 (how is that possible....?).  But I'll hope for awards on Sunday night, and the possibility the production might last a bit longer on Broadway.  

Meet Crystal West Edwards, a Leader in Elder Law, Special Needs and Estate Planning, who is Meeting the Needs for a Diverse Range of Clients

One of the nicest aspects of getting older as an educator is witnessing how your former students are adapting and thriving in a changing world.  It seems like every week I hear from a former student who wants to share experiences.   Bring it on!  Such calls, emails and texts put a big smile on my face!  

Very recently, I had the opportunity to do a formal interview of a former student.  Crystal West Edwards is a 2008 Dickinson Law graduate.  In law school, Crystal quickly identified the intersection of health law, family law and planning issues as her "place."   And I'm smiling -- and sometimes  joining her in laughter -- throughout her account of daily life as a lawyer.  For more on Crystal's remarkable and successful path in advocacy for older adults, special needs clients, and families with estate and planning concerns, including clients of color, join us for the recording of our interview.  The interview -- available on YouTube --  is part of a new series on Profiles in Leadership, hosted by Dickinson Law Professor Daryl Lim, Associate Dean for Research and Innovation.  

Here is a direct link to cut & paste:

https://youtu.be/DMgMPFB6zPQ

 

Lucidity for Persons Living with Advanced Dementia, from the Perspective of Caregivers

I've been working on an article examining lucidity in persons diagnosed as having some form of dementia.  My analysis has been largely focusing on the implications of lucid intervals for attorneys, including those involved in advising on estate planning and care-related needs.  This has helped me to tap into other ways of thinking about lucidity and most recently I read an article in The Gerontologist, titled "Caregiver Accounts of Lucid Episodes in Persons with Advanced Dementia," published in June 2024, by a research team lead by Jason Karlawish, M.D. at the University of Pennsylvania.  

The article begins with careful look at definitions used in a research study that relied in major part on telephone interviews with caregivers.  For example, threshold questions for the caregivers were whether they had observed or were aware of "any unusually lucid moments" during the most recent four months (or during the final for months of a person's life if they were no longer alive). This approach was to isolate a concept known to the researchers as "paradoxical lucidity."  The working definition for paradoxical lucidity, from a 2019 National Institute on Aging Study, was "unexpected, spontaneous, meaningful, and relevant communication or connectedness in a patient who is assumed to have permanently lost the capacity for coherent verbal or behavioral interaction due to a progressive and pathophysiologic dementing process."  Eventually the study focused on 30 caregivers (and a corresponding 29 individuals with advanced dementia).  All of the final participants were "family caregivers."

There is a lot to unpack in the findings.  Although the length of the lucid moments for a given individual were usually very short -- and the longest was just 45 minutes -- the incidence of such moments across the study population was  frequent.  The findings combined with other empirical studies, lead the researchers to "question the 'paradoxical' in 'paradoxical lucidity.' Here, 'paradoxical' denotes an observation that is inconsistent with disease theory."  The researchers suggested there may be a need to "modify the theory of disease" for "severe-stage dementia."  

The study's caregiver-participants uniformly reported that "witnessing a lucid episode did not influence decisions about medical care."  However, these researchers "found that lucid episodes affected approaches to daily care, shaping, for example how often they brought the person living with dementia into social situations, diet, and sleep schedules."  The article continued:

"Such changes are substantive and important but not framed by caregivers as critical decisions  They are alterations in what might be called the 'ordinary ethics' [citation] of caregiving, evincing shifted understandings of what constitute good care."  

Certainly this study is not being used to talk about legal implications of lucid moments.  That is important too.