Private and public enforcement of antitrust laws

Professors Preston McAfee, Hugo Mialon, and Sue Mialon have published two articles on SSRN concerning the private enforcement of antitrust law.  In Private v. Public Enforcement of Antitrust: A Strategic Analysis, the authors conclude that private enforcement alone is never efficient and that efficient private enforcement requires damages that are multiplied and decoupled.  In Private Antitrust Enforcement: Procompetitive or Anticompetitive?,   the authors conclude that private antitrust suits are more likely to be used by smaller firms in fragmented industries than by larger firms in concentrated ones.