ContractsProf Blog

Courts Decide Arbitration Waivers, Says the 11th Circuit

In 1996, two parties, Grigsby & Associates (Grigsby) and M Securities Investment (M) agreed to underwrite a $183 million municipal bond offering in Dade County, Florida.  GBR Financial Products failed to pay Grigsby, so Grigsby didn't pay M.  Lots of lawsuits followed.  In 2006 M initiated an arbitration proceeding against Grigsby seeking $2 million in damages, the amount allegedly owed to M for its role in the bond offering.  Grigsby then brought an action in the federal district court claiming that M had waived its right to arbitration and therefore should be enjoined.  The arbitration proceeded, and M won an award of $100,000, plus interest and attorneys' fees, and Grigsby was sanctioned $10,000 for failing to comply with discovery obligations.  

Grigsby challenged that award in federal court, but the district court confirmed the award.  Grigsby then appealed to the 11th Circuit.  Last week, the 11th Circuit issued its opinion, Grigsby & Associates Inc. v. M Securities Investment.  Before the district court, Grigsby had argued that the arbitration was barred by res judicata and because M had waived the right to arbitrate by filing several lawsuits against Grigsby before initiating arbitration proceedings. 

The 11th Circuit agreed with the district court that the res judicata issue is in the category of "disputes over whether a particular claim may be successfully litigated anywhere at all," and that such disputes are presumptively assigned to the arbitrator.  Grigsby's waiver claim would seem to be in the same category, since in Howsam v. Dean Witter Reynolds, Inc., 123 S. Ct. 588 (2002), the U.S. Supreme Court included "allegations of waiver" on the list of issues presumptively for the arbitrator.  The 1st, 3rd, and 6th Circuits have nonetheless treated waiver as issue presumptively to be decided by the courts rather than by arbitrators when the waiver is based on a party's conduct.  The 11th Circuit decided to follow the reasoning of these Circuits.  The district court's failure to decide the issue of waiver was legal error and therefore an abuse of discretion.  

The case was remanded to the district court to decide Grigsby's waiver claim on the merits.  Until it does so, the 11th Circuit vacated the district court's order denying an injunction of the arbitration award, subject to reinstatement if the district court determines that no waiver occurred.

[JT]

Apple’s Marketing Statements are Non-Actionable Puffery

Plaintiff Alan Vitt’s laptop "crapped out" (term of art) just after the 1-year warranty expired.  The crux of his complaint on behalf of all purchasers of the iBook G4: the laptop did not last “at least a couple of years,” which he allaged is the reasonable consumer expectation of a laptop.  He alleged that “this is because one of the solder joints on the logic board of the iBook G4 degrades slightly each time the computer is turned on and off, eventually causing the joint to break and the computer to stop working shortly after Apple’s one year express warranty has expired.”  Plaintiff further alleged that Apple “affirmatively misrepresented the durability, portability, and quality of the iBook G4 and did not disclose the alleged defect.”

In affirming the dismissal of his complaint, the 9th Circuit held that the marketing statements are non-actionable puffery:

Vitt challenges Apple’s advertising because it stated that the iBook G4 is “mobile,” “durable,” “portable,” “rugged,” “built to withstand reasonable shock,” “reliable,” “high performance,” “high value,” an “affordable choice,” and an “ideal student laptop.” The district court held that these statements are generalized, non-actionable puffery because they are “inherently vague and generalized terms” and “not factual representations that a given standard has been met.” We agree. Even when viewed in the advertising context as Vitt urges, these statements do not claim or imply that the iBook G4’s useful life will extend for “at least a couple of years.” For example, to the extent that “durable” is a statement of fact it may imply in context that the iBook G4 is resistant to problems occurring because of its being dropped, but not that it will last for a duration beyond its expressed warranty.

Vitt v. Apple Computer, Inc. (9th Cir. Dec. 21, 2011).

[Meredith R. Miller]

Weekly Top Tens from the Social Science Research Network

RECENT HITS (for all papers announced in the last 60 days) 
TOP 10 Papers for Journal of Contracts & Commercial Law eJournal 
October 27, 2011 to December 26, 2011

Rank	Downloads	Paper Title
1	212	Incentive Contracting  Ralph C. Nash,  George Washington University - Law School,  Date posted to database: September 16, 2011  Last Revised: September 26, 2011
2	195	Endogenous Institutions: Law as a Coordinating Device  Gillian Hadfield, Barry R. Weingast,  USC Law School and Department of Economics, Stanford University - The Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace,  Date posted to database: November 24, 2011  Last Revised: December 8, 2011
3	176	How to Opt into the Common European Sales Law? Brief Comments on the Commission’s Proposal for a Regulation  Martijn W. Hesselink,  University of Amsterdam - Centre for the Study of European Contract Law (CSECL)
4	142	Political Risk and Sovereign Debt Contracts  Stephen J. Choi, G. Mitu Gulati, Eric A. Posner,  New York University (NYU) - School of Law, Duke University - School of Law, University of Chicago - Law School
5	88	Introduction: The Three and a Half Minute Transaction: Boilerplate and the Limits of Contract Design  G. Mitu Gulati, Robert E. Scott,  Duke University - School of Law, Columbia University - Law School
6	78	Theories of Contract Law and Enforcing Promissory Morality: Comments on Charles Fried  Brian Bix,  University of Minnesota Law School
7	65	Credit on Wheels: The Law and Business of Auto Title Lending  Jim Hawkins,  University of Houston Law Center
8	63	Beyond the First Amendment: Shaping the Contours of Commercial Speech in Video Games, Virtual Worlds and Social Media  Jon Garon,  NKU Chase College of Law
9	60	Subprime Mortgages and the Case for Broadening the Duty of Good Faith  Chunlin Leonhard,  Loyola University New Orleans College of Law
10	59	The Holmesian Bad Man Flubs His Entrance  Barbara H. Fried,  Stanford Law School

RECENT HITS (for all papers announced in the last 60 days) 
TOP 10 Papers for Journal of LSN: Contracts (Topic)  
October 29, 2011 to December 28, 2011

Rank	Downloads	Paper Title
1	179	How to Opt into the Common European Sales Law? Brief Comments on the Commission’s Proposal for a Regulation  Martijn W. Hesselink,  University of Amsterdam - Centre for the Study of European Contract Law (CSECL)
2	71	Contract Versus Statute in Internet Governance  Lee A. Bygrave,  University of Oslo
3	60	Subprime Mortgages and the Case for Broadening the Duty of Good Faith  Chunlin Leonhard,  Loyola University New Orleans College of Law
4	59	The Holmesian Bad Man Flubs His Entrance  Barbara H. Fried,  Stanford Law School
5	58	Promissory Autonomy, Imperfect Courts, and the Immorality of the Expectation Damages Default  George G. Triantis,  Stanford Law School
6	49	Consumer Protection and the Islamic Law of Contract  Muhammad Akbar Khan,  International Islamic University
7	46	Will Firms Consider a European Optional Instrument in Contract Law?  Gary Low,  Maastricht European Private Law Institute
8	33	Acquis Principles  Hans Christoph Grigoleit, Lovro Tomasic,  Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich - Faculty of Law, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich - Faculty of Law
9	30	Mandatory Law: Fundamental Principles  Hans Christoph Grigoleit,  Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich - Faculty of Law
10	29	In-House Counsel’s Role in the Structuring of Mortgage-Backed Securities  Shaun Barnes, Kathleen G. Cully, Steven L. Schwarcz,  Duke University - School of Law, Kathleen G. Cully PLLC, Duke University - School of Law

[JT]

AALS Contracts Annual Meeting Program

If you are attending next week's AALS Annual Meeting, please join us for the Contract Section's program, New Voices in Contracts Scholarship, scheduled for Saturday, January 7, 2012, from 1:30 to 3:15 p.m., at the Marriott Wardman Park Hotel.  The program will feature three junior scholars whose proposals the selection committee chose from the many quality responses to our CFP.

In alphabetical order, the featured speakers and their topics are

Aditi Bagchi (University of Pennsylvania Law School), Parallel Contract;

Mohsen Manesh (University of Oregon School of Law), Contractual Freedom under Delaware Alternative Entity Law; and

Emmanuel Voyiakis (London School of Economics & Political Science, Department of Law), Contract Law and Reasons of Social Justice.

There will be a brief business meeting following the program.

I look forward to seeing many of you in less than two weeks.

[Keith A. Rowley]

Vote for the Best Contracts Article of 2011!

Announcing the first annual ContractsProf Blog prize for the best contracts law article of the year, to be awarded at the Spring Contracts Conference to be held at the Thomas Jefferson School of Law in San Diego in March.  The winner will receive a cash prize!

Vote (once only, folks) by sending an e-mail with your favorite contracts law review article from the list below to jeremy.telman@valpo.edu.  If your favorite article is not on the list, you may nominate (and/or vote for) an article that is not on this list through the same e-mail address.

Kenneth A. Adams, Making a Mess of Ambiguity: Lessons from the Third Circuit’s Opinion in Meyer v. CUNA Mutual Insurance Society, Bus. L. Today (the ABA Business Law Section's Online Resource) (Nov. 24, 2011)

Sofia Adrogue, Recent Developments in Fifth Circuit Business Torts Jurisprudence, 43 Tex. Tech. L. Rev. 843 (2011).

Michael Aikins, Off-Contract Harms: The Real Effect of Liberal Rescission Laws on Contract Price, 121 Yale L. J. Online 68 (2011)

Miriam Albert, Lenne Espenschied and Grace M. Giesel, Exercise Showcase, 12 Transactions 335 (2011) 

Luca Anderlini, Leonardo Felli, and Andrew Postlewaite, Should Courts Always Enforce What Contracting Parties Write? 7 Rev. L. & Econ. (2011)

Sally Andersen, Mapping the terrain: The last decade of payday lending in Australia, 39 Australian Bus. L. Rev. 5 (2011)

Hiro N. Aragaki, Equal Opportunity for Arbitation, 58 UCLA L. Rev. 1189 (2011)

Aditi Bagchi, Managing Moral Risk: The Case of Contracts, 111 Colum. L. Rev. 1878 (2011)

Aditi Bagchi, Unequal Promises, 72 U. Pitt. L. Rev. 467 (2011)

Glen Banks, Lost Profits for Breach of Contract: Would the Court of Appeals Apply the Second Circuit's Analysis? 74 Alb. L. Rev. 637 (2010/2011)

Ian Bartum, Thoughts on the Divergence of Contract and Promise, 24 Canadian J. L & Jurisprudence 225 (2011)

Stephen F. Befort, Unilateral Alteration of Public Sector Collective Bargaining Agreements and the Contract Clause, 59 Buff. L. Rev. 1 (2011)

Uri Benoliel, The Behavioral Law and Economics of Franchise Tying Contracts,  41 Rutgers L.J. 527 (2010).

Omri Ben-Shahar, Fixing Unfair Contracts, 63 Stan. L. Rev. 869 (2011)

Omri Ben-Shahar and Eric A. Posner, The Right to Withdraw in Contract Law, 40 J. Legal Stud.115 (2011)

Norman D. Bishara, Fifty Ways to Leave Your Employer: Relative Enforcement of Covenants Not to Compete, Trends, and Implications for Employee Mobility Policy. 13 U. Pa. J. Bus. L. 751 (2011)

Brian H. Bix, Mahr Agreement, Contracting in the Shadow of Family Law (and Religious Law) -- A Comment on Oman's Article, 1 Wake Forest L. Rev. Online 61 (2011)

Jennifer L. Blair, Surviving Reality TV: The Ultimate Challenge for Reality Show Contestants, 31 Loy. L.A. Ent. L. Rev. 1 (2010-2011)

Richard R.W. Brooks & Alexander Stremitzer, Remedies On and Off Contract, 120 Yale L.J. 690 (2011)

Deborah Burand, Kojo Yelpaala and Peter Linzer, Teaching Transactional Skills and Law in an International Context, 12 Transactions 275 (2011)

Scott J. Burnham, Blood Does Not a Contract Make: A Response to Professor Nancy Kim, 1 Wake Forest L. Rev. Online 49 (2011)

Adam Candeub, Contract, Warranty and the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, 46 Wake Forest L. Rev. 45 (2011)

Robert A. Caplen, Turning Esch to Dust? The State of Supplementation of the Administrative Record in Bid Protests before the Court of Federal Claims, 12 Whittier L. Rev. 197 (2011)

William J. Carney, Ronald J. Gilson and George W. Dent, Jr., Keynote Discussion: Just What Exactly Does a Transactional Lawyer Do? 12 Transactions 175 (2011)

David Chalkin, A Critical Examination of How Contract Law Is Use by Financial Institutions Operating in Multiple Jurisdictions, 34 Melbourne Univ. L. Rev. 34 (2010)

Vincent Chiappetta, Patent Exhaustion: What's It Good For? 51 Santa Clara L. Rev. 1087 (2011)

Carl J. Circo, Will Green Building Contracts Transform Construction and Design Law? 43 Urb. Law. 4837 (2011)

Neil B. Cohen and William H. Henning. Freedom of Contract vs. Free Alienability: An Old Struggle Emerges in a New Context, 46 Gonz. L. Rev. 353 (2010/11)

Ronnie Cohen and Shannon O'Byrne, Burning Down the House: Law, Emotion and the Subprime Mortgage Crisis, 45 Real Prop. Tr. & Est. L.J. 677 (2011)

Amanda Harmon Coole , Marka B. Fleming and Gwendolyn McFadden-Wade, The Constitutional and Contractual Controversy of Suspicionless Drug Resting of Public School Teachers, 63 Okla. L. Rev. 421 (2011)

Lawrence A. Cunningham, A New Legal Theory to Test Executive Pay: Contractual Unconscionability. 96 Iowa L. Rev. 1177 (2011)

Jaime, Dodge, The Limits of Procedural Private Ordering, 97 Va. L. Rev. 723 (2011)

Michael A. Dorelli  and Phillip T. Scaletta, Recent Developments in Indiana Business and Contract Law. 44 Ind. L. Rev. 1053 (2011)

Mateja Djurovic, Serbian Contract Law: its development and the New Serbian Civil Code, 7 Eur. Rev. of Contract L. 65 (2011) 

Christopher R. Drahozal, and Peter B. Rutledge, Contract and Procedure, 94 Marq. L. Rev. 1103 (2011)

Shelley Dunck, Brian Krumm and Sharon Pocock, Teaching Contract Drafting Using Real Contracts, 12 Transactions 359 (2011) 

W. David East, Douglas Wm. Godfrey and Carol D. Newman. Teaching Transactional Skills and Tasks other than Contract Drafting, 12 Transactions 217 (2011) 

David G. Epstein, Response to Reasonable Expectations in Sociocultural Context, 1 Wake Forest L. Rev. Online 54 (2011) 

David M. Epstein, Helen S. Scott, Carole Heyward and Daniel B. Bogart, Simulations in Clinics, Contract Drafting, & Upper-Level Courses, 12 Transactions 55 (2011)

Horst Eidenmüller, Why Withdrawal Rights? 7 Eur. Rev. of Contract L. 1 (2011) 

Carlos A. Encinas, Clause Majeure?: Can a Borrower Use an Economic Downturn or Economic Downturn-Related Event to Invoke the Force Majeure Clause in Its Commercial Real Estate Loan Documents? 45 Real Prop. Tr. & Est. L.J. 731 (2011)

Mark Fagan, Tamar Frankel, Eric J. Gouvin and Kathy Z. Heller, Upper-level Courses: Three Exemplars, 12 Transactions 377 (2011)

Yuval Feldman & Doron Teichman, Are All Contractual Obligations Created Equal? 100 Georgetown L. J. 5 (2011) 

Stephen Friedman, Arbitration Provisions: Little Darlings and Little Monsters, 79 Fordham L. Rev. (2011)

Thomas A. Gabriele, Could the Weapon Systems Acquisition Reform Act of 2009 Have Fixed the Problems that Plagued the F-22 Acquisition Project Back in 1981?40 Pub. Cont. L.J. 741 (2011)

David Gilo & Ariel Porat, Viewing Unconscionability through a Market Lens, 52 Wm. & Mary L. Rev. 133 (2011)

Victor Goldberg, Traynor (Drennan) Versus Hand (Baird):Much Ado About (Almost) Nothing, J. Legal Analysis Advance Access (Oct. 7, 2011)

Eric J. Gouvin, Robert Statchen, Anthony J. Luppino and William A. Kell, Interdisciplinary Transactional Courses, 12 Transactions 101 (2011)

Jack M. Graves, Arbitration as Contract: The Need For a Fully Developed and Comprehensive Set of Statutory Default Legal Rules, 2 Wm. & Mary Bus. L. Rev. 227 (2011).

Stefan Grundmann & Sebastian Uhlig, German Contract Law – Nearly a Decade After the Fundamental Reform in the Schuldrechtsmodernisierung,  Eur. Rev. of Contract L. 78 (2011) 

Surya Gablin Gunasekara, "Other Transaction" Authority: NASA's Dynamic Acquisition Instrument for the Commercialization of Manned Spaceflight or Cold War Relic? 40 Pub. Cont. L.J. 893 (2011) 

John M. Garon and Elaine D. Ziff, The Work Made for Hire Doctrine Revisited: Startup and Technology Employees and the Use of Contracts in a Hiring Relationship, 12 Minn. J. L. Sci. & Tech. 489 (2011)

David Hahn, The Internal Logic of Assumption of Executory Contracts, 13 U. Pa. J. Bus. L. 723-750 (2011)

Sam Foster Halabi, Efficient Contracting between Foreign Investors and Host States: Evidence from Stabilization Clauses, 31 Nw. J. Int'l L. & Bus. 261 (2011)

Grant M. Hayden & Matthew T. Bodie, The Uncorporation and the Unraveling of "Nexus of Contracts" Theory, 109 Mich. L. Rev. 1127 (2011) (reviewing Larry E. Ribstein, The Rise of the Uncorporation)

Trevor C. Hartley, Choice of Law Regarding Voluntary Assignment of Contractual Obligations under the Rome I Regulation, 60 Int'l & Comp. L. Quarterly 29 (2011)

Joan MacLeod Heminway, Michael A. Woronoff and Lyman P.Q. Johnson. Innovative Transactional Pedagogies, 12 Transactions 243 (2011)

Alec Hillbo, Fifty Years of Restrictive Covenants in Arizona Law,  4 Phoenix L. Rev. 725 (2011)

Robert A. Hillman and Maureen O'Rourke. Defending Disclosure in Software Licensing, 78 U. Chi. L. Rev. 95 (2011)

Adam J. Hirsch, Freedom of Testation/Freedom of Contract, 95 Minn. L. Rev. 2180 (2011)

Michael H. Hoffheimer, Conflicting Rules of Interpretation and Construction in Multi-jurisdictional Disputes, 63 Rutgers L. Rev. 599 (2011)

David Horton, Arbitration as Delegation, 86 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 437 (2011)

Grace Hum, Miki Felsenburg, Barbara Lentz, Carolyn Broering-Jacobs and Ted Becker, Legal Writing Professors Morphing into Contract Drafting Professors, 12 Transactions 127 (2011)

Woodrow Hartzog,  Website Design as Contract, 60 Am. U. L. Rev. 1635 (2011)

Adam J. Hirsch, Freedom of Testation/Freedom of Contract, 95 Minn. L. Rev. 2180 (2011)

John Patrick Hunt, Taking Bubbles Seriously in Contract Law, 61 Case W. Res. L. Rev. 681 (2011) 

Christine Hurt, Regulating Compensation, 6 Entrepren. Bus. L.J. 21 (2011)

William P. Johnson, Understanding Exclusion of the CISG: A New Paradigm of Determining Party Intent,59 Buff. L. Rev. 213 (2011)

Louis Kaplow, On the Meaning of Horizontal Agreements in Competition Law, 99 Cal. L. Rev. 693 (2011)

Won Kidane, Immigration Law As Contract Law. (Reviewing Victor Romero, Everyday Law for Immigrants), 34 Seattle U. L. Rev. 889 (2011)

Juliet P. Kostrisky, Interpretive Risk and Contract Interpretation: A Suggested Approach for Maximizing Value. 2 Elon L. Rev. 109 (2011)

Anne Layne-Farrar, An Economic Defense of Flexibility in IPR Licensing: Contracting around "First Sale" in Multilevel Production Settings, 51 Santa Clara L. Rev. 1149 (2011). 

Stephen J. Leacock, Fingerprints of Equitable Estoppel and Promissory Estoppel on the Statute of Frauds in Contract Law, 2 Wm. & Mary Bus. L. Rev. 73 (2011)

Chunlin Leonhard, Subprime Mortgages and the Case for Broadening the Duty of Good Faith, 45 U.S.F. L. Rev. 621 (2011)

Michael H. LeRoy, The New Wages of War--Devaluing Death and Injury: Conceptualizing Euty and Employment in Combat Zones, 22 Stan. L. & Pol'y Rev. 217 (2011)

Florencia Marotta-Wurgler, Will Increased Disclosure Help? Evaluating the Recommendations of the ALI's "Principles of the Law of Software Contracts," 78 U. Chi. L. Rev. 165 (2011)

Carter Anne McGowan, Twittergate: Rethinking the Casting Director Contract, 21 Fordham Intell. Prop. Media & Ent. L.J. 365 (2011)

Brittnay M. McMahon, The Science behind Surrogacy: Why New York Should Rethink Its Surrogacy Contracts Laws, 21 Alb. L.J. Sci. & Tech. 359 (2011)

Kemit A. Mawakana, In the Wake of Coast Federal: The Plain Meaning Rule and the Anglo-American Rhetorical Ethic, 11 U. Md. L.J. Race, Religion, Gender & Class 39 (2011)

Roy S. Mitchell, Cultural Sensitivities in International Construction Arbitration, 2 Faulkner L. Rev. 325 (2011)

Terry F. Moritz, and Brandon J. Fitch, The Future of Consumer Arbitration in Light of Stolt-Nielsen. 23 Loy. Consumer L. Rev. 265 (2011)

Jim.Moye, Let's Put the Fear in the FERA! Suggestions to Make the Fraud Enforcement and Recovery Act of 2009 a Strong Fraud Deterrent, 35 S. Ill. U. L.J. 421 (2011)

Sondra Bell Nensala, Homeland Security Presidential Directive 12: How HSPD-12 May Limit Competition Unnecessarily and Suggestions for Reform, 40 Pub. Cont. L.J. 619 (2011).

Richard K. Neumann, Jr., Tina L. Stark and Howard Katz, Negotiations, 12 Transactions 153 (2011) 

Raymond T. Nimmer,  Copyright First Sale and the Over-riding Role of Contract. 51 Santa Clara L. Rev. 1311 (2011). 

N. Pieter M. O'Leary, Bullies in the Sandbox: Federal Construction Projects, the Miller Act, and a Material Supplier's Right to Recover Attorney's Fees and Other "Sums Justly Due" under a General Contractor's Payment Bond, 38 Transp. L.J. 1 (2011)

Nathan B. Oman, Consent to Retaliation: A Civil Recourse Theory of Contractual Liability, 96 Iowa Law Review 529 (2011)

Nathan B. Oman How to Judge Shari'a Contracts: A Guide to Islamic Marriage Agreements in American Courts, 2011 Utah L. Rev. 287

Kingsley S. Osei, The Best of Both Worlds: Reciprocal Preference and Punitive Retaliation in Public Contracts, 40 Pub. Cont. L.J. 715 (2011).

Salvatore Orlando, The Use of Unfair Contractual Terms as an Unfair Commercial Practice, 7 Eur. Rev. of Contract L. 76 (2011)

Heidi Lynn Osterhout, Maj. U.S. Air Force. No More "Mad Money": Salvaging the Commander's Emergency Response Program, 40 Pub. Cont. L.J. 935 (2011) 

Francesco Parisi, et al., Optimal Remedies for Bilateral Contracts, 40 J. Legal Stud. 245 (2011)

Lisa Penland, David Thomson, Susan Duncan, Karen J. Sneddon and Susan M. Chesler, New Ways to Teach Drafting and Drafting Ethics, 12 Transactions 187 (2011)

Lynn C. Percival, IV, Public Policy Favoritism in the Online World: Contract Voidability Meets The Communications Decency Act, 17 Tex. Wesleyan L. Rev. 165 (2011)

Abigail Lauren Perdue, For Love or Money: An Analysis of the Contractual Regulation of Reproductive Surrogacy, 27 J. Contemp. Health L. & Pol'y 279- (2011).

Ryan Peterson, Regulating the Global Marketplace: Why the U.S. Government Must Revise the Current Rules on Contracting with Foreign-Controlled U.S. Businesses, 40 Pub. Cont. L.J. 1061 (2011)

Lucille M. Ponte, Getting a Bad Rap? Unconscionability in Clickwrap Dispute Resolution Clauses and a Proposal for Improving the Quality of These Online Consumer "Products," 26 Ohio St. J. on Disp. Resol. 119 (2011)

Judith Resnick, Fairness in Numbers: A Comment on AT&T v. Concepcion, Wal-Mart v. Duke, and Turner v. Rogers, 125 Harv. L. Rev. 78 (2011)

David Robbins, et al, Path of an Investigation: How a Major Contractor's Ethics Office and Air Force Procurement Fraud and Suspension/Debarment Apparatus Deal with Allegations of Potential Fraud and Unethical Conduct, 40 Pub. Cont. L.J. 595 (2011). 

Regina Robson, Paying for Daniel Webster: Critiquing the Contract Model of Advancement of Legal Fees in Criminal Proceedings, 7 Hastings Bus. L.J. 275 (2011)

Victor C. Romero, Immigration Law, Contracts, and Due Process: A Response to Professor Won Kidane's Review of Everyday Law for Immigrants. 34 Seattle U. L. Rev. 903 (2011) 

Guy A. Rub, Contracting around Copyright: The Uneasy Case for Unbundling of Rights in Creative Works, 78 U. Chi. L. Rev. 257 (2011)

Kara M. Sacilotto, Deja Vu All Over Again: Cost-Reimbursement Contracts Fall out of Favor (Again), but Should They? 40 Pub. Cont. L.J. 681 (2011).

Jane Scott and Charles Fox, Contract Drafting in 90 Minutes, 12 Transactions 7 (2011)

Daniel P. Selmi, The Contract Transformation in Land Use Regulation, 63 Stan. L. 591 (2011)

Steven L. Schooner, A Random Walk: The Federal Circuit's 2010 Government Contracts Decisions, 60 Am. U. L. Rev. 1067 (2011)

Andrew A. Schwartz,  Consumer Contract Exchanges and the Problem of Adhesion, 28 Yale J. on Reg. 313 (2011)

Jan M. Smits, Rethinking the Usefulness of Mandatory Rights of Withdrawal in Consumer Contract Law: The Right to Change Your Mind? 29 Penn St. Int'l L. Rev. 671 (2011)

Tina L. Stark, Welcome & Opening Remarks, 12 Transactions 3 (2011)

David F.Tavella and Anne Marie Tavella, Advice and Consent for Federal Judges: a New Alternative Based on Contract Law, 3 Drexel L. Rev. 521 (2011). 

D. A. Jeremy Telman, Langdellian Limericks, 61 J. Legal. Educ. 110 (2011)

Steve Thel and Peter Siegelman, You Do Have to Keep Your Promises: A Disgorgement Theory of Contract Remedies, 52 Wm. & Mary L. Rev. 1181- (2011)

Marina Tsikun and Kuei-Jung Ni, Using Licensing Contracts to Protect Holders of Traditional Knowledge Related to Genetic Resources -- a Reflection on ICGB Projects, 42 IIC: Int'l Rev. Intell. Prop. & Competition L. 299 (2011)

Megan S. Vahey, A Discussion on the District of Columbia's Procurement Law and the Spark That Led to Renewed Reform Efforts, 14 U.D.C. L. Rev. 115 (2011)

Florian Wagner-von Papp, European Contract Law: Are No Oral Modification Clauses Not Worth the Paper They Are Written On? 63 Current Leg. Problems 511 (2011)

Christine M. Westphal, Restrictive Covenants in Employment Contracts: Regulating Employee Solicitation. 37 J. Legis. 108 (2011)

Tess Wilkinson-Ryan, Breaching the Mortgage Contract: The Behavioral Economics of Strategic Default, 64 Vand. L. Rev. 1547 (2011)

Chris Willett, The Functions of Transparency in Regulating Contract Terms: UK and Australian Approaches, 60 Int'l & Comp. L.Q. 355 (2011). 

John J.Worley, Karl Okamoto and Sherry Porter, Transactional Centers and Certificate Programs, 12 Transactions 299 (2011)

Huma T. Yasin, Playing Catch-up: Proposing the Creation of Status-based Regulations to Bring Private Military Contractor Forms within the Purview of International and Domestic Law. 25 Emory Int'l L. Rev. 411 (2011)

Noah D. Zatz,  Beyond Misclassification: Tackling the Independent Contractor Problem without Redefining Employment. 26 A.B.A. J. Lab. & Emp. L. 279 (2011).

 [JT]